精選中西飲食文化英語論文
導語：中西方飲食觀念的不同由于各自哲學思維的.不同，中國飲食文化依托人文，注重感受；而西方則推崇科學，強調(diào)理性。所以，中餐強調(diào)“味道”而西餐傾向于營養(yǎng)。以下是小編整理中西飲食文化論文的資料，歡迎閱讀參考。
1. 1. The "smell" in Chinese food
In China, there is an old saying that "people eat for the day, food for the first" (wu peng, 2009:140). We can see how important it is to the average Chinese. Dr. Sun yat-sen once said, "it is not good to know the taste, but to cook it." "Taste" is the charm of Chinese food.
The Chinese diet emphasize perceptual and artistic, the pursuit of the diet taste feeling, pay attention to food color, aroma, taste and shape, meaning taste, but whether nutrition is excessive or insufficient, whether all sorts of nutrition collocation is proper, also often ignore the fundamental nutritional value of food. Therefore, Chinese people describe food as "delicious" or "difficult to eat" and never say "nutritious." In short, "taste" is the "king way" of Chinese food.
1. Compared with Chinese food, western food is very reasonable in terms of nutrition.
They emphasize the nutritional value of food, pay attention to what is vitamin, protein content in the food, can be absorbed by all, but little attention is food looks beautiful and very delicious. Especially in France, in the same country who pride themselves on food, people pursuit is food of high quality nutritional value (Du Li, 2006:8), French also has been committed to the pursuit of nutrition on the basis of delicious. Westerners' understanding of food comes from the perspective of nutrition, not taste. They eat for the stomach and nutrition, and very few people associate eating with spiritual enjoyment. Of course, in modern western countries, the diet has not only satisfied people's nutritional needs, but also satisfied people's original taste, pure natural pursuit.
In recent years, with the improvement of living standards of Chinese people, more and more dietitians have put forward the idea of "diet therapy" in TV programs, but this view is very immature in many ways. The Chinese should set up a scientific and reasonable diet concept, pay attention to nutrition, health and reasonable collocation, thus making Chinese food more and more international and more acceptable to others.
The difference between Chinese and western cooking standards is about the cooking standard, and there is a great difference between Chinese and western food. In western countries, it is widely believed that food is used for the stomach, so the western food has a large amount of meat, which can easily make people not feel hungry for a long time. Is, by contrast, the Chinese are very pay attention to taste, material is along with the gender, many in the west cook seems to be junk food, such as animal internal organs, and can be Chinese chefs letter hand weigh in hand to create the magic of delicious. Qian mu, a famous Chinese cultural master in Taiwan, once referred to "cultural differences and academic differences" in his work on "modern Chinese academic thought". But "China is again and again, the west is the same" (Xue Yuan, 2008:223), which means that the Chinese and westerners have derived the opposite concept of food from different cultural backgrounds. Chinese people pursue "harmony" while westerners believe in "self", and the difference between "reconciliation" and "self" is reflected in cooking.
2. Western food science and nutrition westerners pay attention to the science and nutrition in the diet, and strictly
follow the fixed procedures and scientific standards throughout the cooking process. For example, in western menus, metrics are accurate to "grams". People also go to the market to buy and prepare food according to the menu. In any case, it will not be changed casually, which also results in the biggest flaw in western-style food cooking - a lack of unique features. When people want to taste the local cuisine in a foreign country, no one will choose KFC fast food, such as KFC tastes all over the world are the same, the same formula, the oil temperature, even the frying time were strictly limited, taste the same. In addition, the prepared ingredients and the choice of seasonings must be accurate to "grams" and the cooking time must be accurate to "second". Thanks to this standard of western cooking, chefs have become workers on automated production lines. If one day scientists invented robot chefs, many western chefs could lose their jobs. In western countries, the same dish tastes the same to different customers. Even at some fancy parties, the dishes are always the same, and the different ones are just more elaborate tableware and more beautiful decorations. What people care about is the nutrition in the food rather than the variety, because western food cooking methods are mainly Fried, roasted, boiled.
With a few soup for western food, such as Russian red soup (borscht) is to concentrate a variety of hun vegetable raw materials in a pot boil and into, dinner in all kinds of raw materials are unrelated, fish is fish, chicken is chicken, steak is steak.
Even if there is a tie-in, that is also in intraday, color contrast is bright, but in taste is not interference. For example, French lamb chops with mashed potatoes, green peas, and two slices of tomato, although a plate of plates, each of the flavor, like "one plus one equals two" is easy. It is also a good embodiment of westerners' devotion to individuality and individualism.
2. Chinese cuisine is casual and spontaneous in China, and cooking is seen as an art of spontaneity. Open the lunch menu, we can find, for the amount of ingredients and seasonings, Chinese has always been a vague expression, such as "a spoon", "half bowl", "a little", etc., but for the spoon and bowl is much but there was no specific standards. In Chinese view, every dish has its own flavor and flavor, even the same dish. Different cooks, the same dish, will also have different flavors because of their different cooking standards and selection of materials.
Sometimes even the same chef makes the same dish, and the taste will vary with the seasons, the region and the diners. For example, "mapo tofu" is known as "mapo tofu", and its ingredients will change with the customer from sichuan to suzhou (zhang yhong, 2009:74). Like braised fish, the pickles in winter fish are thicker and heavier than in summer. People in jiangsu and zhejiang provinces have a sweet taste, while chongqing people are always addicted to spicy food. From this we can see that Chinese food loses its unique charm if it is lost to casual and simple. At the same time, there are more than 3O types of cooking in Chinese cooking, namely frying, frying, blasting, frying, cooking, braising, steaming, cooking, braising, baking, braising, drawing, etc.
The spontaneity of the cooking style also creates a variety of Chinese food, which can be cooked into many kinds of dishes due to different practices. For example, xinjiang's "roast whole goat", guangzhou's "full fish feast", Beijing's "duck mat".
Even the most common ingredient, chicken, can be cooked in more than 100 different flavors.
In addition, almost all Chinese dishes are made from two or more raw materials and seasonings. For example, some home-cooked dishes made from vegetables and meat, such as "Fried shredded pork with leek", "pineapple meat", "tomato Fried egg", "pork ribs", etc. Therefore, the Chinese menu is not simply one plus one equals two, but one equals three.
The Chinese and western diets are different from China. China is a large agricultural country with a long history and a diversified environment. Since the qin dynasty, Chinese food has been dominated by grain, with some meat. According to a survey by western botanists, vegetables have been a major part of the Chinese diet. Today, Chinese people have more than 600 kinds of vegetables, six times as many as westerners. In fact, in Chinese food, all kinds of vegetables are common, while meat is limited to families with high levels of El, party and living standards. This is why it has been called vegetarian since ancient times. The Chinese are more vegetarian and have some roots in Buddhism. According to buddhist teachings, all kinds of animals are souls, which are called "creatures" and cannot be killed and eaten. But plants have no soul, "no spirit" and can be eaten, so vegetarianism is gradually formed. At the same time, the Chinese are often recognized as having a plant temperament, mild and modest. They love cooked hot food, which is always hot. It is also thought that once the dishes get cold, they lose their original flavor, which is the "one hot and three fresh" that they always praise.
Western residents' eating habits originated from nomadic and sailing life, which was based on fishing and hunting since ancient times, and all clothing and food came from animals. Because the vast majority of western countries are located in high latitudes, some countries even at the age of covered by snow, few plant growth, so most westerners are happy carnivora, mainly include beef, lamb and pork. In the aspect of eating, westerners introduce their own food characteristics and emphasize that they pay more attention to rational collocation and have developed food industry. Canned, fast food, etc., they save time and nutrition, but the taste is always the same. Westerners have always been regarded as having an animal character and active. Meanwhile, they love cold food and will always have salads and cold meals on the table. In addition, because westerners pursue a perfect body and demand less oil and fresh vegetables, they tend to eat raw vegetables, such as lettuce, cucumbers, tomatoes and so on.
With the improvement of living standards, people's food is changing. More and more meat and dairy products are served on Chinese tables, and westerners are eating more and more. Whether it is Chinese food or western food, the diet is becoming more and more rational and nutritious.
The difference between Chinese and western ways of eating, in essence, is how to eat. At this point, China and western countries have obvious differences, and also have significant influence on the formation of their national character.
Chinese people love excitement. This habit of eating together has its roots in ancient civilizations. In ancient China, the kitchen and dining-room often close 2 for one, generally "courtyard" in the house, there is sunshine, here is the fire, is the POTS and pans on the stove, which is cooking the food, people around the furnace, to have a dinner. This diet continues today. Today, the Chinese always sit around the table and share their food from a plate. The table must be round, meaning the circle round, people raise a cup to each other, trying to persuade others to eat a little more, everyone eats big, easy and happy, it looks like the scene is warm and moving. Especially in the Spring Festival or the Mid-Autumn festival this major festival, the whole family will eat reunion dinner, family wishes to each other, chatting loudly, each how much food to eat is unlimited, didn't do any distribution in advance.
Western countries are very different. Westerners prefer quiet and elegant dining atmosphere, and there is less enthusiasm for food than Chinese. They are used to having their own food on their plates and eating alone. The quantity of each person's food is allocated in advance, and most parties will not place extra chairs so that people can move around freely. Especially the cold meal meeting, its food not only can satisfy people to the variety of kinds of request, but also easy to carry, facilitate social. This kind of eating style emphasizes the independence and private space of individuality, showing respect for human nature, but lack the happiness of Chinese food.
The differences between Chinese and western dishes are even more pronounced. It is well known that in China or other Asian countries, the cutlery is simple, a pair of chopsticks, and soup with a spoon. No matter what shape, size or color of tableware, use it on different occasions. In the west, people hold plates for food, use knives and forks at meals, and drink soup with a special spoon. In general, the use scope and usage is also has exquisite tableware, for example, the vast majority of teacups and coffee cups are porcelain, and a knife and fork is metal, glass and glass are generally of glass. On formal occasions, different dishes also need to be fitted with different knives and forks. Therefore, in western countries, the use of tableware is much more complicated than Oriental.
Chopsticks and knives and forks, as the most representative tableware of east and west, also influence and form a very different life style and two styles of national wisdom. With the development of economy, Chinese table manners are in diversification, professional and mixed style all sorts of new faces appeared in front of the world, such as the daily food also appears more fresh and interesting.
The difference between Chinese and western table manners has been known as "the state of propriety" since ancient times, which is reflected in many ancient poems. Among them, table manners is also the earliest and most important part of the source. As the gift of rites said, "the beginning of the feast" (bian hau, 2004:49). As for the meal, there is more red tape. According to the book of rites and music, "there is no food, no food, no food, no food, no food, no food. Pawn, guest from before kneel, sprinkle rice qi to give a phase, the host quit guest, then guest sit "(xue yuan, 2008:224). When you are eating together, you can't just eat your own food. If you eat with others, you must check your hands. Don't put the extra rice in the pot, not even the food, or winnowing hot food. After the meal, the guest should stand up and clean up the tray on the table and give it to the host. The host will then get up, and the guest will not work, and then the guest will sit down again. Some of these rituals are also very necessary in modern times.
The Chinese believe that seating arrangements are important. The vast majority of Chinese banquets, such as waiting for guests to take seats according to their functions and age, have become common knowledge. The seats facing the east and the main gate will be arranged for the most distinguished guests (" shang dong in China ", "face to the gate") (ji xiaofeng, 2011:127). In modern China, the traditional square table has been replaced by the round table, the placement of the seat according to the local customs and decorate a style to decide, even considering the factors such as feng shui, but still on the seating arrangement.
At western banquets, the host usually only gives guests a dish, while the rest of the time is taken by the guest himself. If the guest does not, not only does not let the guest eat again, also does not follow the Chinese habit to frequently give the guest the wine, the food. For guests, it is best not to make a noise when eating, but pay attention to the food prepared by the host. If you talk to people, you can only talk to your neighbor. It is impolite to talk to people who are far away (hu wenzhong, 1999:133). In western countries, women's priority is always a traditional social rule (Scollon, 1995:229). If it is a party for both men and women, the person who faces the door will always be the hostess, while the host will face the hostess. Men and women should sit apart, and couples should sit separately, but should be on the same side; Meanwhile, female guests have higher seats than male guests. When entering the table, the man will open the chair for the lady, let it sit first; When the hostess and other ladies have dinner, the men can begin; At the end of the meal, you must wait for the hostess to leave. Men still have to pull chairs for ladies to show respect to women.
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