- 相關(guān)推薦
很詳細(xì)很具體的指導(dǎo)英文論文寫(xiě)作技巧
論文寫(xiě)作中常出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題
1. 主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)要一致
英語(yǔ)中名詞有它的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式，動(dòng)詞也有它的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式 , 二者要一致 . 單數(shù)主語(yǔ) ( subject) 名詞要用動(dòng)詞 (verb) 的單數(shù) (singular) 形式 , 復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)名詞要用動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù) (plural) 形式 . 我們寫(xiě)中文的不太習(xí)慣英語(yǔ)的這種寫(xiě)法 , 很難做到不假思索地配對(duì) , 需要特別 留心才能不出錯(cuò)誤， 特別是當(dāng)主語(yǔ)名詞和動(dòng)詞被分開(kāi)時(shí) . 試看下面的例句 .
A high percentage of peptides that are made of amino acids are present in the sample.
A high percentage 才是真正的主語(yǔ)， 而不是鄰近的 amino acids , 所以應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式 .
宜改為 : A high percentage of peptides that are made of amino acids is present in the sample.
讓事情更復(fù)雜的是英語(yǔ)名詞被分為不同的種類(lèi)， 其中的一類(lèi)叫集合名詞 . 它既可以當(dāng)單數(shù)用詞也可以當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)用 . 集合名詞當(dāng)整體 來(lái)講時(shí)是單數(shù)，每個(gè)成員作為個(gè)體時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù) .
The number of mice in the experiment was increased.
A number of mice have died.
All of the samples were analyzed.
All of the safety procedures was strictly followed.
代詞 none 既可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù) . 當(dāng) none 后面的詞是單數(shù)時(shí) , 用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞 . 當(dāng) none 后面的詞是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)， 用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞 .
None of the information was useful.
None of the animals were starved.
描寫(xiě)數(shù)量， 重量，體積，時(shí)間等的詞用單數(shù)， 但如果是分次添加或減少時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù) . 在這個(gè)意義上同 集合名詞類(lèi)似 .
1.5 ml was added.
10 g was added .
6 hours was the required incubation time.
5 g were added stepwise.
簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)的數(shù)量單位， 如 mg, ml, s 等， 單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)的寫(xiě)法是一樣的 , 如 1mg, 5 mg.
一些詞如 series, type, portion, class, 要用單數(shù)形式 .
A series of derivatives of penicillin was prepared.
A large portion of the reports is focused on how to deal with the increased cost.
Data, criteria, phenomena, media 是復(fù)數(shù)形式， 他們的單數(shù)形式分別是 datum, criterion, phenomenon, medium.
2、修飾語(yǔ)同主語(yǔ)名詞關(guān)系上要一致
當(dāng)用 1 ) 動(dòng)名詞 (gerund) ， 2) 分詞短句 (participle) ， 3) 不定式短句 (infinitive) 作修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)， 修飾語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞要同主句中的主語(yǔ)名詞關(guān)系 上 要 一致 .
科技雜志論文中有這種語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤的情況較多 . 嚴(yán)格來(lái)講這只是種語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤， 一般不影響對(duì)句子 的內(nèi)容的理解， 所以很多作者不 太注意 . 編輯和閱稿人有時(shí)也沒(méi)有嚴(yán)格要求改正 . 比如下面就是 Nature 雜志 2006 年第 439 卷中的一個(gè)例子 .
Using the enhancer GAL4/UAS expression system, short-term memory traces of aversive and appetitive olfactory conditioning have been assigned to output synapses of subsets of intrinsic neurons of the mushroom bodies.
1) 動(dòng)名詞
After finishing the purification, the activity of the isolated compound was then studied.
We or I 是動(dòng)名詞 finishing 形式上的主語(yǔ)， 同主句的主語(yǔ) activity 不一致 .
宜改為 : After purification was finished, the activity of the isolated compound was then studied.
或 : After finishing the purification, we studied the activity of the isolated compound.
Treated with the new drug, the blood cholesterol levels of participants were lowered by an average of 30%.
宜改為 : Treated with the new drug, participants showed an average of 30% decrease in their blood cholesterol levels.
2) 分詞短句
The iron concentration was determined using the Fenton reaction method.
The iron concentration 同 using the Fenton reaction method 關(guān)系上不一致 .
宜改為 : The iron concentration was determined by the Fenton reaction method.
或 : We determined the iron concentration using the Fenton reaction method.
When measuring the atmospheric level of carbon dioxide, air samples from a remote place, such as an island, is preferred.
宜改為 : When the atmospheric level of carbon dioxide is measured, air samples from a remote place, such as an island, is preferred.
3) 不定式短句
To further investigate the potential role of biking in causing infertility, an expanded population of biking athletes was surveyed.
不定式短語(yǔ)的形式主語(yǔ)是 we or I ， 同主句主語(yǔ) population 不一致 .
宜改為 : To further investigate the potential role of biking in causing infertility, we surveyed an expanded population of biking athletes.
To confirm the diagnosis, blood test was ordered.
宜改為 : To confirm the diagnosis, the doctor ordered blood test.
3.主語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)的行動(dòng)(謂語(yǔ))在邏輯上要一致
由于一些中文和英文的表達(dá)方式不同， 把中文直接翻譯成相應(yīng)的英文會(huì)不講 . 一個(gè)經(jīng)常被引用的語(yǔ)句是 “price is cheap ”. 中文可以 說(shuō)價(jià)格便宜 , 但英文只能說(shuō)價(jià)格高或低 . 物品可以說(shuō) cheap or expensive. 用中文的表達(dá)方式來(lái)寫(xiě)英文 , 會(huì)出現(xiàn) 主語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)的行動(dòng)在邏輯上 不 一致 . 在寫(xiě)一個(gè)句子時(shí)要注意行動(dòng)的真正主語(yǔ)名詞是什么 . 下面是一些例子 .
The highest antibiotic production was obtained at 48 h.
不是 production 而是 production yield.
宜改為 : The highest antibiotic production yield was obtained at 48 h.
The scavenging activity for hydroxyl radicals was based on Fenton reaction.
不是 activity 而是 assay of activity
宜改為 : The assay of scavenging activity for hydroxyl radicals was based on Fenton reaction.
The pharmacological compounds of ginseng were identified.
藥物活性化合物應(yīng)該是 pharmacologically active compounds.
宜改為 : The pharmacologically active compounds of ginseng were identified.
4、代名詞和其代理的先行詞要一致
代名詞和其代理的先行詞要在人稱(chēng) ,單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù),和性別上一致.一些常見(jiàn)的代詞是: he, his ( 陽(yáng)性單數(shù) ); she, her ( 陰性單數(shù) ); it, its ( 單數(shù) ); they, their, these, those ( 復(fù)數(shù) ); that, this ( 單數(shù) ). 比如下面的例句中 , compounds 和 their 一致 , protein 和 it 一 致 .
Many related compounds were synthesized and their antivirus activities were studied.
Growth hormone is a protein. It promotes human body growth.
下面的例句中,the 應(yīng)該用 their 取代 .
The potential antioxidant capacity of compound A and compound B could be deduced from the protective effects against oxidative stresses.
宜改為 : The potential antioxidant capacity of compound A and compound B could be deduced from their protective effects against oxidative stresses.
用代名詞時(shí) 除了要保持一致外,還要避免代理不清的情況出現(xiàn),以免不清楚它們到底指什么而引起誤解.
The crude sample was dissolved in water and extracted with organic solvent. It was then evaporated
to yield the product.
It 指 organic layer 還是指 water layer? 不明確，最好不用 it.
宜改為： The crude sample was dissolved in water and extracted with organic solvent. The organic layer was then evaporated to yield the product.
During meal hormones are released after which blood flow increases in the stomach.
Which 既可以代表 meal 也可以代表 hormones, 容易產(chǎn)生誤解 .
宜改為： During meal hormones are released. After their release stomach blood flow increases.
5、位置的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用
在英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中， 若要強(qiáng)調(diào)某件事情，就把它放在句子的前面 . 中文寫(xiě)作中 , 有關(guān)句子的條件 , 時(shí)間等的修飾句都是放在前面， 而主句 總是放在后面 . 而英文中即可以 把條件或修飾句 放在前面， 也可以放在后面 . 放在前面就表示你要強(qiáng)調(diào) 修飾句 的條件 . 比如 :
Before the hurricane arrived, most of the people have moved out.
Most of the people have moved out before the hurricane arrived.
在英語(yǔ)中兩種位置關(guān)系都可以 . 前者強(qiáng)調(diào)在 hurricane 來(lái)之前， 后者強(qiáng)調(diào) moved out . 而在中文中， 只有一種 說(shuō)法， 反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō) ” 大多數(shù)人都 離開(kāi)了 在 hurricane 來(lái) 之前 ” 就不對(duì)了 . 按中文的位置關(guān)系直譯成英文 , 往往會(huì) 不確切 . 同樣按英文的位置關(guān)系直譯成中文也是怪怪的 . 我上小 學(xué)的孩子回家來(lái)喊 “ 我要吃冰激凌今天 , 我沒(méi)吃好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了 ”, 就是英文 “I want ice cream today. I have not eaten it for a long time.” 的直接翻譯 .
科技寫(xiě)作中，一般 還是 把主句先寫(xiě)出來(lái) ， 除非你想強(qiáng)調(diào)修飾的 是 條件 .
Through scavenging free radicals, antioxidants play an important role in protecting against complex diseases.
宜改為： Antioxidants play an important role in protecting against complex diseases through scavenging free radicals.
In microbial fermentation, phosphorus is commonly the major growth-limiting nutrient.
宜改為： Phosphorus is commonly the major growth-limiting nutrient in microbial fermentation.
主動(dòng)句中事情的執(zhí)行者 ( 作者 ) 放在前面， 有強(qiáng)調(diào)事情的執(zhí)行者 ( 作者 ) 的意思 , 而不是要研究的事物 . 被動(dòng)句強(qiáng)調(diào)要研究的事物 , 這也是 為什么科技論文中被動(dòng)句用得比較多的原因 之一 .
We studied their effects on cell growth. 強(qiáng)調(diào) We.
Their effects on cell growth were studied. 強(qiáng)調(diào) Their effects.
6、修飾詞和被修飾詞要鄰近
科技寫(xiě)作要求嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，明確.為了嚴(yán)格定義一個(gè)事物，往往要加上限制性的修飾詞或短句.比如描寫(xiě)實(shí)驗(yàn)用的 mice 時(shí) ， 一般不會(huì)只說(shuō) mice ， 而是用類(lèi)似 “NCI-H23 tumor bearing female athymic nude mice” 的描述 . 前面有5個(gè)修飾詞來(lái)定義研究用的mice 這時(shí)一般把最窄的定義寫(xiě)在最前面，最廣的定義寫(xiě)在后面.修飾語(yǔ)要靠近同被修飾的對(duì)象 . 因修飾語(yǔ)和被修飾的詞被隔開(kāi)， 而造成意思混亂的情況很多 . 下面是一些例 子 .
Inhibition of Acid B on xanthine oxidase was also reported.
Inhibition of 后面應(yīng)緊跟 xanthine oxidase , 而不是 Acid B, 隔開(kāi)后句子就很難讀 .
宜改為： Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by Acid B was also reported.
The chelating activities for ferrous ion of the Acid B were assessed.
The chelating activities 后面應(yīng)緊跟 Acid B , 而不是 ferrous ion.
宜改為： The chelating activities of the Acid B for ferrous ion were assessed.
Reducing power represents the electron donating capacity, which may serve as a significant indicator of potential antioxidant activity.
用 which 開(kāi)頭的修飾句 , 是要修飾 reducing power , 而不是修飾 electron donating capacity , 所以要緊跟在 reducing power 后面 .
宜改為： Reducing power, which may serve as a significant indicator of potential antioxidant activity, represents the electron donating capacity. 或 : Reducing power represents the electron donating capacity. It may serve as a significant indicator of potential antioxidant activity.
7、主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在句子中的位置要靠近
要使句子的可讀性強(qiáng) , 有兩個(gè)因素特別需要注意 . 一是句子的長(zhǎng)短要合適 . 研究表明一個(gè)句子中有 1 3-20 個(gè)字時(shí)最合適閱讀 . 太短的 句子有零碎的感覺(jué)， 而太長(zhǎng)的句子讀起來(lái)有困難 . 二是主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要靠近 . 如果被隔開(kāi)太遠(yuǎn)， 就會(huì)有被隔離的感覺(jué) , 句子讀起來(lái)就會(huì) 比較困難，雖然從語(yǔ)法上來(lái)講是可行的 . 這主要同 人類(lèi)大腦處理文字信息的過(guò)程和方式有關(guān) . 當(dāng)人們讀到主語(yǔ)時(shí)， 自然而然地期望知道 主語(yǔ)后面的行動(dòng) , 也就是結(jié)果 . 在行動(dòng) ( 謂語(yǔ) ) 出現(xiàn)之前 , 讀者需要記住主語(yǔ)是 什么，同時(shí)又要閱讀和理解下面的文字，讀起來(lái)很累 . 就像要屏住呼吸等待要發(fā)生的事情 , 只有當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)出現(xiàn) ， 知道了主題的行動(dòng)后 ， 才能呼出這口氣 . 時(shí)間長(zhǎng)了自 然不舒服 .
Lincomycin , one of the lincosamide antimicrobial agents which was first isolated more than fifty years ago , is used as a major antibiotic for the treatment of diseases caused by most Gram-positive bacteria.
宜改為： Lincomycin is one of the lincosamide antimicrobial agents which were first isolated more than fifty years ago. It is used as a major antibiotic for the treatment of diseases caused by most Gram-positive bacteria.
8、名詞作形容詞
科技寫(xiě)作中經(jīng)常會(huì)用名詞來(lái)作為形容詞使用，如 room temperature, university researchers. 當(dāng)用一個(gè) 名詞來(lái)修飾另一個(gè)名詞時(shí)， 意義一般都很 清楚 . 但當(dāng)三個(gè)名詞 放 在一起， 或兩個(gè)名詞前再加一個(gè)形容詞時(shí)， 就要小心 . 有的情況 下 , 3 個(gè)或 3 個(gè) 以上的名詞放在一起， 表達(dá)的意思很清楚， 也是一種很簡(jiǎn)潔的表達(dá)方式 . 如 : blood white cell number, prostate cancer patient, Beijing University medical school student. 但有時(shí)會(huì)有多種講法 . Top university researchers 可以是 researchers of (only) top university 也可以是 (all) university researchers who are top. 多個(gè)名詞排在一起， 即使表達(dá)明確， 也給擁擠的感覺(jué) . 應(yīng)避免使用多個(gè)名詞的修飾方式 . 最好的辦法是用介詞或其它方式來(lái)把他 們分開(kāi) , 以便清楚表達(dá)它們的修飾關(guān)系 . 多個(gè)名詞羅列的情況經(jīng)常發(fā)生， 下面 多舉一些 例子 .
H e wrote the quality control group reports.
宜改為： He wrote the reports of the quality control group.
The patient showed chronic liver disease symptoms.
宜改為： The patient showed symptoms of chronic liver disease.
The human brain oxygen level is quite high.
宜改為： The oxygen level in human brain is quite high.
Their specific inhibition producing effects on fat containing food intake were assessed.
宜改為： Their specific effects of inhibition on the intake of fat containing food were assessed.
The present investigation evaluated various specific drug sample combinations.
宜改為： The present investigation evaluated various combinations of specific drug samples
【很詳細(xì)很具體的指導(dǎo)英文論文寫(xiě)作技巧】相關(guān)文章：
論文寫(xiě)作技巧01-09
科技論文寫(xiě)作技巧09-23
論文的寫(xiě)作技巧與方法08-04
關(guān)于論文寫(xiě)作中英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用指導(dǎo)04-25
論浮雕藝術(shù)詳細(xì)內(nèi)容論文09-23
關(guān)于畢業(yè)論文的寫(xiě)作技巧09-23
科技論文寫(xiě)作技巧2篇11-02