英語閱讀：中國工資水平上漲讓墨西哥受益
Higher Wages In China Give Mexico An Opening
China's rising wages and slowing growth present a chance forMexico to wrest back some of the business that chased cheaplabor across the Pacific in the past decade, when Chinesewages averaged a quarter of Mexican pay.
Mexico may already be a less-expensive place to make an arrayof products for the U.S. market, said Boston Consulting Group, which estimates that China's average manufacturing wage topped Mexico's this year, whenaccounting for differences in productivity. Mexican workers typically produce more per hour thanChinese workers, and the proximity to the U.S. means companies can ship faster and often at alower cost to American customers.
St. Louis-based Viasystems Group Inc., which makes industrial cabinets, shifted some work back toMexico from China in the past year. 'It took our clients a few years to react to rising costs in China. But now they are definitely getting much more interested in making things here,' said HomeroGalindo, head of Viasystems in Mexico.
China still retains enormous advantages, including a billion consumers. As Chinese wages rise, those consumers will have more money to spend on products rather than simply make them forthe rest of the world.
And few expect a wholesale rush back to Mexico. The drug war there scares away new business, and the country has built neither the skilled labor pool nor parts-supply chain to mount a seriouschallenge to China's manufacturing prowess.
But as Chinese wages continue to rise, Mexico looks the best-placed to benefit. Mexico, whichexports more than all the rest of Latin America combined, was the least-expensive place outsidethe U.S. to manufacture for the U.S. market, according to a December 2011 survey by consultingfirm Alix Partners.
Factories along the U.S. border in Mexico can supply American markets more quickly than those inAsia, especially with products that rely on custom designs or the whims of fashion.
Customers who buy a Dell Inc. computer at a big-box retailer get a product made by Foxconn inChina. But shoppers on the company's website can customize their orders─adding, say, morememory or a lotus-pink cover. Those computers are assembled and delivered from a sprawling 1,200-acre Foxconn plant near Ciudad Juárez, which churns out as many as 35,000 laptop anddesktop computers a day. 'We can have a truck on the U.S. side in a few hours,' said FranciscoUranga, Foxconn's head of business development for Mexico.
中國工資水平上漲以及經(jīng)濟(jì)增長減速為墨西哥帶來了機(jī)遇，可以重新爭取到過去10年追逐太平洋彼岸廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力的部分企業(yè)。彼時(shí)中國平均工資水平只有墨西哥的四分之一。
波士頓咨詢公司(Boston Consulting Group)說，對于美國市場，很多產(chǎn)品在墨西哥的生產(chǎn)成本可能已經(jīng)低于在中國生產(chǎn)的成本。該公司估計(jì)，在考慮生產(chǎn)率差異之后，今年中國制造業(yè)平均工資水平超過了墨西哥。墨西哥工人的單位時(shí)間產(chǎn)量往往高于中國工人，而墨西哥與美國鄰近，這意味著企業(yè)向美國客戶發(fā)貨的速度可以更快，而且費(fèi)用常常更低。
圣路易斯工業(yè)儲物柜生產(chǎn)商Viasystems Group Inc.在過去一年將部分工作從中國遷回了墨西哥。該公司駐墨西哥負(fù)責(zé)人加林多(Homero Galindo)說：我們的客戶用了數(shù)年時(shí)間才適應(yīng)中國成本的上漲，但他們現(xiàn)在對于在墨西哥生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的興趣肯定是大大提高了。
中國仍然保留著很多優(yōu)勢，其中之一是上10億的消費(fèi)者。隨著中國工資水平上漲，這些消費(fèi)者將有更多的錢購買產(chǎn)品，而不只是為世界其他國家生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品。
另外也很少有人預(yù)計(jì)企業(yè)會大規(guī)模回遷至墨西哥。當(dāng)?shù)氐慕緫?zhàn)嚇跑了新的企業(yè)，而熟練勞動(dòng)力或零部件供應(yīng)鏈的現(xiàn)狀也還不足以對中國的`制造能力構(gòu)成嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。
但在中國工資水平繼續(xù)上升的過程中，墨西哥似乎是最有條件受益的國家。墨西哥出口額超過拉丁美洲其他國家的出口額之和。據(jù)咨詢公司Alix Partners去年12月份一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，它是美國以外面向美國市場生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品成本最低的地方。
墨西哥境內(nèi)沿著美墨邊境建成的工廠可以比亞洲工廠更快地向美國市場供應(yīng)產(chǎn)品，特別是那些依賴于個(gè)性化設(shè)計(jì)和時(shí)尚潮流的產(chǎn)品。
在大型超市購買戴爾(Dell Inc.)電腦的消費(fèi)者，買到的是一件由富士康(Foxconn)在中國生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。但消費(fèi)者可以在該公司網(wǎng)站上定制他們的訂單，比如增加內(nèi)存或采用粉色背殼。這些電腦在墨西哥華雷斯附近一座占地1,200英畝(485.6萬平方米)的富士康工廠組裝和發(fā)貨，該廠每天最多生產(chǎn)3.5萬臺筆記本電腦和臺式電腦。富士康墨西哥業(yè)務(wù)開發(fā)負(fù)責(zé)人烏蘭加(Francisco Uranga)說：我們的卡車幾個(gè)小時(shí)就可以開到美國那邊去。
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