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有關(guān)職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法講解:被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
在英語(yǔ)中,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,而非執(zhí)行者的情況。這種語(yǔ)態(tài)通常會(huì)帶有“be + 過(guò)去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu),其中“be”要根據(jù)主語(yǔ)和時(shí)態(tài)的不同進(jìn)行變化。下面是小編整理的職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法講解:被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),希望能夠幫到你。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)考點(diǎn)聚焦
(一)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的概念: 不知道或沒(méi)必要提到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(by短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以省略)。
(二)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式: be + 過(guò)去分詞,口語(yǔ)只也有用get / become + 過(guò)去分詞表示。
(三)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本用法: (1)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。
、僦鲃(dòng)變化被動(dòng)時(shí)雙賓語(yǔ)的變化。看下列例句。 My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday。 An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday。 I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday。
、谥鲃(dòng)變被動(dòng)時(shí),賓補(bǔ)成主補(bǔ)(位置不變);(作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的)不定式前需加to。 The boss made him work all day long。 He was made to work all day long(by the boss)
、鄱陶Z(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),勿要掉“尾巴”。 The children were taken good care of (by her)。 Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to。
、芮閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),只需將它們后面的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閎e +過(guò)去分詞。
、莓(dāng)句子的謂語(yǔ)為say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等時(shí),被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式:(A)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),動(dòng)詞不定式作主補(bǔ)。(B)用it作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)在后面用主語(yǔ)在后面用主語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示。如: People say he is a smart boy。 It is said that he is a smart boy。 He is said to be a smart boy。 People know paper was made in China first。 It is known that paper was made in China first。 Paper was known to be made in China first。 類(lèi)似句型有:It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …
(2)不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況。
、偎械牟患拔飫(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞詞組不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之中。
、诒硎緺顟B(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,如:last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。
③表示歸屬的動(dòng)詞,如have、own、belong to等。
④表示“希望、意圖”的動(dòng)詞,如:wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。
、葙e語(yǔ)是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
、拶e語(yǔ)是同源賓語(yǔ),不定式、動(dòng)名詞等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
、哂行﹦(dòng)詞以其主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,特別是當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是物時(shí),常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。
(3)主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。
①當(dāng)feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時(shí);當(dāng)cut、read、sell、wear、write等詞帶狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)時(shí);當(dāng)動(dòng)詞表示“開(kāi)始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動(dòng)”等意義時(shí)。 This kind of cloth washes easily。這種布易洗。 These novels won’t sell well。這些小說(shuō)不暢銷(xiāo)。 My pen writes smoothly。我的鋼筆寫(xiě)起來(lái)很流暢。 The door won’t lock。門(mén)鎖不上。 The fish smells good。魚(yú)聞起來(lái)香。
②當(dāng)break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等動(dòng)詞表示“發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定”等意思時(shí)。 The plan worked out successfully。 The lamps on the wall turn off。
、踳ant, require, need后面的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義。
、躡e worth doing用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。
、菰凇癰e + 形容詞 + to do”中,不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ),用主動(dòng)代被動(dòng)。 This kind of water isn’t fit to drink。 The girl isn’t easy to get along with。 另外:be to blame(受譴責(zé)),be to rent(出租)也用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。
(4)被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義的幾種情況。
、賐e seated坐著 He is seated on a bench。(He seats himself on a bench。)坐在凳子上。
、赽e hidden躲藏 He was hidden behind the door。(He hid himself behind the door。)他藏在門(mén)后。
、踒e lost迷路
、躡e drunk喝醉 ⑤be dressed穿著 The girl was dressed in a red short skirt。
(5)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)。如: The book was sold by a certain bookstore。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) The book is well sold。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
定義
在英語(yǔ)中,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用得比漢語(yǔ)要多,要普遍,雖然大多數(shù)句子都使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在英語(yǔ)中也是極為重要的,許多課本及考試乃至實(shí)際應(yīng)用中都常常涉及到這個(gè)問(wèn)題。一般說(shuō)來(lái),當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者,不必說(shuō)出執(zhí)行者或含糊不清的執(zhí)行者時(shí),多用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。需要注意的是,許多地方與漢語(yǔ)不同。注意:那些漢語(yǔ)中有“被……”的短語(yǔ)往往又不是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),而是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。還有些特殊現(xiàn)象,如:“known to me的意思,英語(yǔ)卻應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)態(tài)。還要注意,英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)往往由“by”引出,而有用介詞“by on foot”步行(美國(guó)人有時(shí)用“by foot”),“in carriage”(乘四輪馬車(chē))等等。還有假主動(dòng),真被動(dòng)的十幾個(gè)常用詞的用法,以及“so heavy to carry”而不用“so heavy to be carried”等習(xí)慣用法。有關(guān)這類(lèi)情況,做到心中有數(shù)對(duì)全面掌握被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地解答習(xí)題非常關(guān)鍵,被動(dòng)態(tài)必須涉及的是動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化的問(wèn)題。英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)本來(lái)很復(fù)雜,怎樣記住各自的被動(dòng)形式呢?首先要明確“將來(lái)進(jìn)行無(wú)被動(dòng),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)進(jìn)行同”。這兩種時(shí)態(tài)無(wú)被動(dòng)形式。
另外,不及物動(dòng)詞帶有同源賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞,反身代詞的動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞都無(wú)被動(dòng)形式。即便如此,還有不定式,動(dòng)名詞,分詞,以及它們的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)態(tài),再加上情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞以及它們的疑問(wèn)式和否定式從中摻雜。下面口訣就以動(dòng)詞“do”為例,即“do、did”過(guò)去式“done”過(guò)去分詞,以口訣形式總結(jié)各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)態(tài)。一定對(duì)你有所啟示。 當(dāng)然了,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也可以概括為“be done”。也就是“be+過(guò)去分詞”例如:be said。
一般用法
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:is / am / are +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard by my mother.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:was / were + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
The new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:has / have + been +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:will+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成:am / is / are + being +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7.不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):to + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
There are two books to be read. →
There are twenty more trees to be planted.
特殊用法
1.不及物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 如:happen, break down, come out......
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2.有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 如: write, sell, ride.....
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3.感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞使用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不帶“to”,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),須加上“to”。
例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4.如果是接雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),直接賓語(yǔ)(物)作主語(yǔ),那么動(dòng)詞后要用介詞,這個(gè)介詞是由與其搭配的動(dòng)詞決定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5.一些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個(gè)整體,而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sickpeople. →The sickpeople is being taken care of by the nurse.
構(gòu)成
be+done.
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的概念
1)He opened the door. 他開(kāi)了門(mén)。
以上例句是一個(gè)主動(dòng)句,主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者/發(fā)出者
2)The door was opened by him. 門(mén)被開(kāi)了。
第二個(gè)例句是一個(gè)被動(dòng)句,主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者
漢語(yǔ)中表示被動(dòng)的詞:被…/ 由…/ 受…/ 給…
英語(yǔ)中表被動(dòng)用:be+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)及用法
1)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種句型
肯定句:主語(yǔ)+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+(by)
eg: My phone was made in China.
否定句:主語(yǔ)+be not+過(guò)去分詞+(by)
eg: My phone wasn’t made in China.
一般疑問(wèn)句:Be+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+(by)?
eg: Was your phone made in China?
特殊疑問(wèn)句:特殊疑問(wèn)詞+be+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+(by)?
eg: Where was your phone made?
2)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法
當(dāng)不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),這時(shí)往往不用by短語(yǔ)。The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday.
昨天,教室的前窗被打破了。(不知誰(shuí)打破的)
They have been poorly paid.
他們的工資太低。(沒(méi)必要指出工資是誰(shuí)付的)
突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者,如果需要說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,用by短語(yǔ)。
These books are written especially for children.
這些書(shū)是專(zhuān)門(mén)為孩子們寫(xiě)的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“這些書(shū)”)
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)主要有以下幾點(diǎn):
在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:
If I am given enough time, I will do it better. 給我足夠的時(shí)間,我會(huì)做得更好。
固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞或副詞在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不可省去。例如:
Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 這樣的壞習(xí)慣應(yīng)該改掉。
有些動(dòng)詞如write, read, sell,wash, open等當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行情況時(shí), 有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài); 當(dāng)用作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)本身所具有的特征時(shí),無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:
The computers were sold out, because they sell well. 電腦被賣(mài)光了,因?yàn)樗鼈冑u(mài)得好。The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。
在“too…to…”結(jié)構(gòu)和形容詞enough to do結(jié)構(gòu)中,通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如:
The problem is too difficult to work out. 這問(wèn)題太難解決了。I am not enough strong to lift the box. 我沒(méi)有足夠的力量搬起這個(gè)箱子。
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