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美國(guó)CPA考試試題解答
1.Fair value 是exit price 還是entry price? (M7)
Question:
According to FAS 157, the fair value at initial recognition is:
a. The price paid to acquire the asset
b. The price paid to transfer or sell the asset
答案選擇a, 但是我在課上清楚記得關(guān)于fair value是Exit price (脫手價(jià)格),但是答案解釋中說(shuō)是entry price?
Answer:
有關(guān)fair value measurement的定義,請(qǐng)參閱書(shū)P134(Wiley, 2009 version)第四行,它明確指出SFAS157 defines FV as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (at exit price),這個(gè)應(yīng)該是相對(duì)于賣(mài)方而言,是它的脫手價(jià)格。 而這個(gè)題目中有寫(xiě)at initial recognition,那么我認(rèn)為這是相對(duì)于買(mǎi)方而言,是入賬價(jià)格 (at entry price)。
2.有關(guān)LIFO reserve。(M8)
Question:
有一個(gè)概念是關(guān)于:LIFO reserve, 它是inventory的contra account,它的目的是便于不同report之間的轉(zhuǎn)換嗎?關(guān)于書(shū)中(FAR 2009 Wiley P197第27題)的一道有關(guān)LIFO reserve的題目不是很明白。
Answer:
有關(guān)LIFO reserve,在書(shū)中可以找到相應(yīng)的解釋?zhuān)篜187倒數(shù)第二個(gè)段落(Wiley, 2009 version),when a company uses LIFO for external reporting purposes and another inventory method for internal purposes, a LIFO reserve account is used to reduce inventory from the internal valuation to the LIFO valuation. LIFO reserve is a contra account to inventory, and is adjusted up or down @ year end with a corresponding increase or decrease to COGS. 它的意思是講,如果一個(gè)公司在內(nèi)部使用中用其他的計(jì)算方式計(jì)算存貨,如FIFO, avg methods,而在對(duì)外的報(bào)表中,如給股東的年度報(bào)告和報(bào)稅材料等使用LIFO,那么在它的B/S inventory的名下會(huì)有LIFO reserve account, 將原本內(nèi)部用其他方式計(jì)算出來(lái)的Inventory的數(shù)目(在先)調(diào)成使用LIFO會(huì)產(chǎn)生的數(shù)值(在后)。它類(lèi)似于A/R名下的AFDA,是一個(gè)contra account(Cr.),它的數(shù)值應(yīng)該等于每一年兩種計(jì)算方式Inventory的差異。在P197 No. 27中,使用Avg cost (internal use) 計(jì)算出來(lái)的Inventory 是$375,000,而使用LIFO (external use)計(jì)算出來(lái)的Inventory是$320,000,兩者之間的差異是$55,000。這時(shí)應(yīng)該使用LIFO reserve 將原本的$375,000 (在先)變?yōu)?320,000 (在后)。由于這個(gè)賬戶(hù)已經(jīng)有$35,000 (Cr.),那么需要增加不足的$20,000就可以了。減少公司的存貨,方式是增加公司的COGS,所以adj journal entry 是Dr. COGS $20,000
Cr. LIFO reserve $20,000
調(diào)整之后的B/S 將是 Inventory (avg) $375,000
Less: LIFO reserve (55,000)
Inventory (LIFO) $320,000
在做這道題目的時(shí)候要注意,LIFO reserve的初始值BEG是Dr. or Cr. 如果是Cr. $35,000那么調(diào)整的數(shù)目是$20,000; 而如果是Dr. $35,000, 那么調(diào)整的數(shù)目就是$90,000 ($35,000 + $55,000)了,好好理解一下其中的奧妙。
3. LIFO liquidation 是指Layer的凍結(jié)嗎?(M8)
Question:
LIFO liquidation 是指layer的凍結(jié)嗎?
Answer:
有關(guān)LIFO liquidation,它不是凍結(jié)的意思,而是存貨清盤(pán)。它的意思是指,有的使用LIFO計(jì)算存貨的公司,在物價(jià)不斷上漲的時(shí)候,為了有一個(gè)比較漂亮的公司收益數(shù)字,管理者往往不會(huì)繼續(xù)進(jìn)貨,而銷(xiāo)售以往累積的存貨。因?yàn)長(zhǎng)IFO的意思是last in, first out,后進(jìn)的貨物由于物價(jià)上漲,成本會(huì)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于以前存貨的價(jià)格。如果不購(gòu)買(mǎi)新貨物,那么我們的COGS會(huì)是以往存貨的價(jià)格,會(huì)有一個(gè)偏低的COGS,偏高的net income,這就造成了LIFO liquidation。按照正常的模式,公司購(gòu)買(mǎi)的或是生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品數(shù)量會(huì)高于銷(xiāo)售數(shù)量,這也是為什么公司會(huì)有存貨的原因,是不是?如果年底的存貨高于年初的存貨,對(duì)于LIFO來(lái)說(shuō),由于它是last in, first out, 它當(dāng)年賣(mài)出去的貨物都是當(dāng)年購(gòu)買(mǎi)來(lái)的,還有余額。這個(gè)余額就是我們所說(shuō)的new layer,與其他年度積累的layer一起,作為公司的存貨;如果公司年底的存貨不足年初的存貨了,這就表明公司當(dāng)年不僅銷(xiāo)售了當(dāng)年所購(gòu)得的或是生產(chǎn)的全部產(chǎn)品,還將年初存貨的一部分賣(mài)出,年初的存貨也會(huì)根據(jù)last in, first out的原則,最近年份的存貨最先賣(mài)出,那么那個(gè)累積的layer就會(huì)remove 出去,不是么?
4. 有關(guān)discontinued operation。(M7)
Question:
有關(guān)246頁(yè),39題(Wiley, 2009 version),這個(gè)是關(guān)于公司holding long-live assets that it intended to sell, the assets do not constitute a separate component of the company. The company recognize the loss related to these assets, 這個(gè)loss為什么屬于component from continuing operation? asset held for sale不是屬于discontinue operation ?
附原題:
At December 31,2009, Matson Inc. was holding long-lived assets that it intended to sell. The assets do not constitute a separate component of the company. The company appropriately recognized a loss in 2009 related to these assets. On Matsons income statement for the year ended December 31,2009, this loss should be reported as a(n)
a. Extraordinary item
b. Component of income from continuing operations before income taxes
c. Separate component of S,G&A expenses, disclosed net of tax benefit
d. Component of gain(loss) from sale of discontinued operations, disclosed net of income
taxes
the correct answer is b.
Answer:
有關(guān)discontinued operations的問(wèn)題,首先你要了解discontinued operation的定義。Discontinued operations occur when a company disposes of, or plans to dispose of, a relatively large component of its business. 只能是被認(rèn)定公司的一個(gè)component (如一條流水線,一個(gè)子公司等), 才可以在當(dāng)年已出售或準(zhǔn)備出售時(shí)歸為discontinued operations. 而如果不是一個(gè)component, 如一條流水線生產(chǎn)n種產(chǎn)品,某一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的停產(chǎn)不能被認(rèn)定discontinued operations, 或是在某一個(gè)地域的一個(gè)分店被關(guān)閉,也不能視為discontinued operations。如這個(gè)題目P246 No. 39, 非常明確的告訴我們the assets do not constitute a separate component, 那么它被出售就不能視為discontinued operations, 在出售過(guò)程中所遭受的損失只能計(jì)為loss from continuing operations before income taxes (IDEA).
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