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新概念英語第一冊(cè)語法知識(shí)大全
語法是語言學(xué)的一個(gè)分支，研究按確定用法來運(yùn)用的"詞類"、"詞"的屈折變化或表示相互關(guān)系的其他手段以及詞在句中的功能和關(guān)系。下面為大家?guī)砹诵赂拍钣⒄Z第一冊(cè)語法知識(shí)，歡迎大家參考！
時(shí)態(tài)：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，一般將來時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)，過去將來時(shí)
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
表示一般性，經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或一般性事實(shí)。
1 含有be動(dòng)詞的句子
He is a teacher.
The girl is very beautiful.
Tim and Jack are students.
變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移到句首
Is he a teacher?
Is the girl very beautiful?
Are Tim and Jack students?
變否定句在be動(dòng)詞后面加not
He is not a teacher.
The girl is not very beautiful.
Tim and Jack are not students.
肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, he is. No, he is not.
Yes, she is. No, she is not.
Yes, they are. No, they are not.
不含有be動(dòng)詞的句子，即含有一般動(dòng)詞的句子
第三人稱單數(shù)及單數(shù)名詞
He likes books.
She likes him.
The dog likes bones.
變疑問句在句首加does, 動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵?/p>
Does he like books?
Does she like him?
Does the dog like bones?
變否定句在主語及動(dòng)詞之間加doesn’t, 動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵�，原句中的�?dòng)詞不再有第三人稱變化。
He doesn’t like books.
She doesn’t like him.
The dog doesn’t like bones.
肯定回答及否定回答：
Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t
Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.
注意：第三人稱單數(shù)形式一般在動(dòng)詞后面加S，不要和名詞復(fù)數(shù)混淆，變否定句或疑問句時(shí)名詞復(fù)數(shù)沒有任何變化。
其他人稱及復(fù)數(shù)名詞
I want to have a bath.
We have some meat.
The students like smart teachers.
變疑問句在句首加do
Do you want to have a bath?
Do we have any meat?
Do the students like smart teachers?
變否定句在主語和動(dòng)詞之間加don’t.
You don’t want to have a bath.
We don’t have any meat.
The students don’t like smart teachers.
肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Yes, we do. No, we don’t
Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
構(gòu)成： 主語+be動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞+其它成分(現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成見附錄)
We are having lunch.
He is reading a book.
The dog is running after a cat.
The boys are swimming across the river.
變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移到句首
Are we having lunch?
Is he reading a book?
Is the dog running after a cat?
Are the boys swimming across the river?
變否定句在be動(dòng)詞后面加 not
We are not having lunch.
He is not reading a book.
The dog is not running after a cat.
The boys are swimming across the river.
特殊疑問句：what, which, how, where, who, etc.
疑問詞+動(dòng)詞+主語+現(xiàn)在分詞
What are you doing?
What is she doing?
What is the dog doing?
沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞(必背)
表示狀態(tài)，思想，感情和感覺的動(dòng)詞不能表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
1. 表示感覺，感官的詞
see, hear, like, love, want,
2. have, has當(dāng)”擁有”講時(shí)沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)
3. 一般過去時(shí)
表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件， 常和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,
含有be動(dòng)詞的句子， 將動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檫^去式，am, is的過去式為was，are的過去式為were
I was at the butcher’s.
You were a student a year ago.
The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago.
變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移動(dòng)到句首
Were you at the butcher’s?
Were you a student a year ago?
Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?
變否定句在be動(dòng)詞后面加not
I was not at the butcher’s.
You were not a student a year ago.
The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.
肯定回答否定回答
Yes, I was. No, I was not.
Yes, you were. No, you were not.
Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.
特殊疑問句：
What did you do?
(必背)
不含有be動(dòng)詞的句子，將動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檫^去式，動(dòng)詞過去式構(gòu)成見附錄
I finished my homework yesterday.
The boy went to a restaurant.
The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.
變疑問句在句首加did， 動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵?/p>
Did you finish your homework yesterday?
Did the boy go to a restaurant?
Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?
變否定句在主語和動(dòng)詞之間加did not
I did not finish my homework yesterday.
The boy did not go to a restaurant.
The Sawyers did not live at King Street a year ago.
肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.
Yes, they did. No, they did not.
4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
構(gòu)成：主語+助動(dòng)詞have, has+過去分詞
用法：
2) 表示過去發(fā)生的和現(xiàn)在有某種聯(lián)系的動(dòng)作，常和just, usually, already, since等時(shí)間副詞連用
I have just had lunch. (飽了，不用再吃了)
He has had a cup of tea.(不渴了，不用再喝)
They have already had their holiday. (不能再度假了)
The boy has already read the book. (已經(jīng)知道書的內(nèi)容了，不用再看了)
3) 詢問別人是否做過某事一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
Have you finished your homework?
Have you been to Beijing?
Have he seen the film?
4) 表示開始于過去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作
I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.
I have worked for this school for 1 year.
8) 表示一種經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)驗(yàn)：去過…地方，做過…事情，經(jīng)歷過…事情
I have never had a bath.
I have never seen a film.
I have never been to cinema.
I have ever been to Paris.
Have been to表示去過，have gone to 表示去了
I have been to London.(人已經(jīng)回來)
He has gone to London.(人還在那里)
11) 表示一種結(jié)果， 一般不和時(shí)間副詞聯(lián)用
I have lost my pen.
I have hurt myself.
He has become a teacher.
She has broken my heart.
句型變化：
變疑問句將助動(dòng)詞移到句首，變否定句在助動(dòng)詞后面加not.
e.g. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen.
肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I have. No, I have not.
特殊疑問句：
What have you done?
What has he done?
一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：
凡是有明確的表示過去的時(shí)間狀語的句子為過去時(shí)
注意：有些動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作有一個(gè)終點(diǎn)，不能再延續(xù)，因此不能和表示一段時(shí)間狀語連用
錯(cuò)：I’ve left Beijing for 3 days.
對(duì)：I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days.
5. 一般將來時(shí)
表示將來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作， 經(jīng)常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours’ time, etc. 表示將來的詞聯(lián)用
結(jié)構(gòu)： 主語+助動(dòng)詞will+動(dòng)詞原形
I will go to America tomorrow.
The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.
Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.
變疑問句將助動(dòng)詞移到句首
Will you go to America tomorrow?
Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next?
Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?
變否定句在助動(dòng)詞后面加not
I will not go to America tomorrow.
The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.
Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning
肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I will. No, I will not.
Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.
Yes, he will. No, he will not.
特殊疑問句：
What will you do?
6. 過去完成時(shí)：
用法：在過去的時(shí)間里，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在前的哪個(gè)動(dòng)作要用過去完成時(shí)。
結(jié)構(gòu)：had+過去分詞
After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.
They had sold the car before I asked the price.
The train had left before I arrived at the station.
After/before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句放在句首要在句子后面加逗號(hào)，如果放在主句后則不用加。
變疑問句將助動(dòng)詞移到句首
Had she finished her homework?
變否定句在助動(dòng)詞后面加not
She hadn’t finished her homework.
肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.
特殊疑問句：
What had she done?
7. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示過去正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，經(jīng)常用在when, while, as引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中。
結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+doing
When my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.
While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.
8 過去將來時(shí)
結(jié)構(gòu)：would do
She said she would go here the next morning.
兩個(gè) 特殊句型：there be 句型，be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)
Be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)
表示打算，準(zhǔn)備，計(jì)劃做某事
結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+be動(dòng)詞+going to +動(dòng)詞原型
I am going to make a bookcase.
They are going to paint it.
The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移到句首
Are you going to make a bookcase?
Are they going to paint it?
Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?
變否定句在be動(dòng)詞后面加not
I am not going to make a bookcase.
They are going to paint it.
The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Yes, they are. No, they are not.
Yes, he is. No, he is not.
特殊疑問句
What are you going to do?
What are they going to do?
What is the father going to do?
There be 句型
表示哪里有什么東西(某處有某物)
There is+單數(shù)名詞+表示場所的詞(一般為介詞詞組)
There is a book in this room.
There is a pen on the table
There are+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+表示場所的詞(一般為介詞詞組)
There are two pens on the table.
There are three schools there.
變疑問句將be動(dòng)詞移到句首
Is there a book in this room?
Are there two pens on the table?
變否定句在動(dòng)詞后面加not
There is not a book in this room.
There are not two pens on the table.
肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, there is. No, there is not.
Yes, there are. No, there are not.
9.問句：
一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句，反意疑問句，選擇疑問句，否定疑問句
一般疑問句： 助動(dòng)詞/be動(dòng)詞+主語
Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea?
特殊疑問句： 特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句
What is your name?
選擇疑問句： or
Do you want beef or lamb?
反意疑問句： 肯定陳述句+否定疑問部分， 否定陳述部分+肯定疑問部分
You don’t need that pen, do you?
否定疑問句： 一般疑問句+否定詞
Aren’t you lucky? Don’t you want have a rest?
10.名詞：種類，復(fù)數(shù)，名詞所有格
名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞
不可數(shù)名詞
無法分開的東西：water, tea, bread, milk, rice(米)
抽象的東西：love, beauty, coldness(寒冷)
不可數(shù)名詞有以下特點(diǎn)：
·不能用a, an修飾
·不能加s
·和單數(shù)be動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞搭配
可數(shù)名詞：
單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞要用冠詞修飾，復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞要在名詞后面加s,名詞復(fù)數(shù)共有以下幾種變化：
規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式
規(guī)則1 一般情況+s e.g. shell→shells book→books
規(guī)則2 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾+es e.g. fox→foxes church→churches, bus→buses, watch→watches
規(guī)則3 以o結(jié)尾+s或+es e.g. potato→potatoes, Negro→Negroes, hero→heroes, tomato→tomatoes，(口訣：黑人英雄愛吃土豆和西紅柿)，剩下一般加s, radio→radios
規(guī)則4 以f, fe結(jié)尾的，變f, fe為ves e.g. life→lives half→halves, shelf→shelves, city→cities, wife→wives
規(guī)則5 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾， 變y為i+es e.g. sky→skies fly→flies
不規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式
man(men) woman(women) foot(feet) goose(geese) tooth(teeth)0
child(children) sheep(sheep) deer(deer) mouse(mice) fish(fish)
拓展：語法特征
抽象性
語法是從眾多的語法單位里抽象出其中共同的組合方式、類型及如何表達(dá)語義的規(guī)則。“語法從詞和句的個(gè)別和具體的東西中抽象出來，把作為詞的變化和用詞造句的基礎(chǔ)一般的東西拿來，并且以此構(gòu)成語法規(guī)則、語法規(guī)律�！崩鐫h語里有“看看、說說、寫寫、學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)、討論討論”這一詞的重疊現(xiàn)象，這反映出一條詞的變化規(guī)律：有些動(dòng)詞可以用重疊的方法來表示動(dòng)作的某一語義類型，即表示少量或短時(shí)。又如漢語里有“心情舒暢。/服裝整齊。/步調(diào)一致。/前途光明�！边@些句子，他們意思各異，但結(jié)構(gòu)相同，都是名詞在前，形容詞在后，直接組合，表示被陳述和陳述的關(guān)系，加上句調(diào)就構(gòu)成了主謂句。由此可見，語法指的是抽象出來的公式，舍棄了個(gè)別的、具體的內(nèi)容，一種語言里的詞多如牛毛，由這些詞組合而成的具體短語和句子更是難以計(jì)數(shù)，但是它內(nèi)部的組合規(guī)則和格式是很有限的。語法學(xué)的任務(wù)是描寫，解釋組成詞、短語和句子的規(guī)則和格式。由此可見，語法具有抽象性、概括性。
生成性
我們可以根據(jù)有限的語法規(guī)則造出無數(shù)合格的句子來，這就表現(xiàn)了語法的生成性。語法規(guī)則的生成性，集中的表現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面：組合關(guān)系和聚合關(guān)系。
層次性
語法從表面上看是線性排列的東西，但是語法結(jié)構(gòu)卻是有層次性的。除了聯(lián)合短語外，主謂，述賓，述補(bǔ)，偏正等短語都能切分出兩個(gè)直接成分。直接成分還可以進(jìn)一步切分出更小的直接成分，這樣復(fù)雜短語就可以由大到小分析出若干層次。例如漢語：我們進(jìn)行社會(huì)調(diào)查
|__||_____________|主謂關(guān)系
|__||________|述賓關(guān)系
|___||___|偏正關(guān)系
語法的層次性與語法的遞歸性密切相關(guān)。
系統(tǒng)性
語法是一個(gè)嚴(yán)密的立體的開放的系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。所謂“嚴(yán)密”，是指系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)部是相互制約的，要受到一定的規(guī)則的支配，不是可以隨心所欲的。所謂“立體”，是指語法系統(tǒng)包括了句法結(jié)構(gòu)，語法意義，語言運(yùn)用這三個(gè)交叉的不同平面。所謂“開放”，是指語法系統(tǒng)是發(fā)展變化的，一直在不斷地自我完善，舊的成份被逐漸淘汰，新的因素在不斷產(chǎn)生。語法系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部又由若干個(gè)子系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成，例如語素系統(tǒng)，詞類系統(tǒng)，短語系統(tǒng)，句子系統(tǒng)，句群系統(tǒng)，每個(gè)子系統(tǒng)可能由若干個(gè)孫系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成。詞類系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部可以分為實(shí)詞系統(tǒng)和虛詞系統(tǒng)。句子系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部可以分為單句系統(tǒng)，復(fù)句系統(tǒng)等等，從而形成一個(gè)系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
遞歸性
遞歸是說，各種語法結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系是有限的，但是在語言單位的組合過程中，可以反復(fù)無限地使用這些有限的規(guī)則，從而使句法結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化。例如：我買書。/我買一本書。/我買一本有趣的書。/我買一本××寫的有趣的書。
如果沒有這種“遞歸性”，某種語法規(guī)則在一個(gè)句法結(jié)構(gòu)里使用過一次就不能再用了。那么，我們能夠造出的句子一定是相當(dāng)簡單而缺乏變化的，一定不能靈活自如的表達(dá)各種復(fù)雜的思想感情。
穩(wěn)固性
語法與基本詞匯構(gòu)成語言的基礎(chǔ)，具有很大的穩(wěn)固性。語法也會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的推移而發(fā)展演變，但是語法的變化比詞匯，語音的變化緩慢得多，而且語法很難受到外來因素的影響而改變。語法的穩(wěn)固性與語法的抽象性密切相關(guān)。語法是一個(gè)由各種抽象規(guī)則構(gòu)成的有機(jī)系統(tǒng)，許多語法手段和語法范疇歷經(jīng)千百年而很少發(fā)生變化。
民族性
每種語言都有明顯的民族特點(diǎn)。不僅表現(xiàn)在語音和詞匯上，也表現(xiàn)在語法上。漢語的語法比較隱蔽，漢語語法的民族性特點(diǎn)是在同其他語言的比較中得出的。漢語語法中語序和虛詞的運(yùn)用非常重要。印歐語常用詞尾的形態(tài)變化來表示句法功能的變化。比較：
漢語是SVO型語言：陳述句一般順序是：主語+動(dòng)詞+賓語。
日語是SOV型語言：陳述句的順序是：主語+賓語+動(dòng)詞。
英語：由于沒有量詞，數(shù)詞可以直接和名詞組合。如：a table(桌子)/a pen(鋼筆)。漢語口語數(shù)詞一般不能直接與名詞組合，中間要用量詞來組接，并且哪個(gè)名詞與哪個(gè)量詞組合有一定的搭配習(xí)慣。如：一張桌子……，但文言文中數(shù)詞可與名詞組合(因?yàn)槲难晕漠a(chǎn)生時(shí)，漢語里還沒有量詞)，如“一桌一椅一扇一撫尺而已”，“一草一木”。世界上有許多語言，詞語的排列順序是比較自由的。如在俄語中，“我愛祖國”便有三種語序，漢語卻是另外一種情形，語序非常重要。
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