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2017新SAT寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)法自查清單
針對(duì)寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)言,SAT 《官方指南》滿(mǎn)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)做了如下要求:語(yǔ)言連貫、表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確句式多樣,選詞精準(zhǔn);文體正式,語(yǔ)氣客觀遵循標(biāo)準(zhǔn)書(shū)面語(yǔ)規(guī)范,沒(méi)有或幾乎沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤要達(dá)到這些要求,需要從寫(xiě)作中易犯的錯(cuò)誤出發(fā),逐個(gè)擊破。下面是yjbys小編為大家?guī)?lái)的新SAT寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)法自查清單,歡迎閱讀。
1. 拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤
Misspellings
英語(yǔ)中有很多單詞并不難,在遇到的時(shí)候很容易反應(yīng)出其中文意思,但當(dāng)自己寫(xiě)的時(shí)候就容易拼錯(cuò),例如 weird,definitely,changeable,accommodation,environment 等常見(jiàn)詞都容易拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤。易拼錯(cuò)的單詞還有很多,每個(gè)人的情況不一樣,需要自己平時(shí)多積累。
2. 句子不完整
Sentence Fragments
確保每句話(huà)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)完整,表意清晰。例如:
Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption. Although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.
Although 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句,不能單獨(dú)成句,所以需要把前面的句號(hào)改為逗號(hào)。
3. 流水句
Run-on Sentence
不能用逗號(hào)直接連接兩個(gè)分句。例如:
In 1952 Japan's gross national product was one third that of France, by the late 1970s it was larger than the GNPs of France and Britain combined.
這句話(huà)有兩套主謂,已在原文中標(biāo)出,所以不能放在一個(gè)句子里面。需要將逗號(hào)改為分號(hào)或者句號(hào),也可以中間加上連接詞 but,表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。
4. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤
Faulty Parallelism
表達(dá)兩個(gè)及以上平行內(nèi)容,確保語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)一致。例如:
The candidate’s goals include winning the election, a national health program, and the educational system.
本句有三個(gè)平行成分,第一個(gè)是動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu),后兩個(gè)都是名詞結(jié)構(gòu),前后不對(duì)稱(chēng),所以需要統(tǒng)一?梢愿臑椋篢he candidate’s goals include winning the election, enacting a national health program, and improving the educational system. 這樣平行部分全部為動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu),達(dá)到統(tǒng)一。
5. 代詞指代不明
Unclear Pronoun Reference
所有代詞必須有明確的指代對(duì)象。例如:
Mary told my sister that she was wrong.
Mary 和 my sister 都是女性,所以句中的 she 可以指代兩者中的任何一方,造成理解上的歧義。
6. 修飾成分懸垂 / 錯(cuò)位
Dangling / Misplaced Modifiers
懸垂修飾語(yǔ)指因修飾語(yǔ)所修飾的對(duì)象不明而產(chǎn)生歧義。例如:
When writing a proposal, an original task is set for research.
這句話(huà)的主語(yǔ)是 an original task,其不能做 writing a proposal 的邏輯主語(yǔ),由此造成修飾成分懸垂,因?yàn)?write 的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是人而不是物。這句話(huà)可以改為:When writing a proposal, a scholar sets an original task for research.
還有一種修飾成分錯(cuò)位的情況,例如:
I saw the trailer peeking through the window.
句意本為說(shuō)話(huà)人 I 正從窗口向外望,但分詞短語(yǔ) peeking through the window 放在了名詞 trailer(拖車(chē))之后,使人以為是 trailer在從窗口往外望,這種錯(cuò)誤就叫做修飾詞錯(cuò)位。該句可修正為:Peeking through the window, I saw the trailer.
7. 一致性錯(cuò)誤
Disagreement
一致性錯(cuò)誤包括人稱(chēng)(person)、數(shù)(number)、語(yǔ)氣(mood)、語(yǔ)態(tài)(voice)和時(shí)態(tài)(tense)的不統(tǒng)一,例如:
An important thing for one to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize.
這句話(huà)的錯(cuò)誤體現(xiàn)在人稱(chēng)不一致,前半句用 one,后半句變?yōu)?you,不協(xié)調(diào),需要統(tǒng)一用 you 或者 one。
8. 表達(dá)冗余
Redundancy
表達(dá)冗余的目標(biāo)是句中沒(méi)有多余內(nèi)容,但這一點(diǎn)很難界定,可以遵循一個(gè)原則:在保證原意的前提下,用詞越少越好。例如:
This is the only road leading to affluence and prosperity.
本句中,road 本身就有「通向、導(dǎo)向」的含義,和下文的 leading 含義重復(fù),可以改為:This is the only road to affluence and prosperity.
關(guān)于句子簡(jiǎn)明性,William Strunk Jr. 在他的名作 The Elements of Style 一書(shū)中給出了注腳:
Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that he make every word tell.
簡(jiǎn)言之,less is more。
9. 大寫(xiě)問(wèn)題
Capital Problem
這一條屬于書(shū)面英語(yǔ)規(guī)范。常見(jiàn)的需要大寫(xiě)的情況主要有以下三種:
句首字母(例如:Will inflation be curbed?)
標(biāo)題(標(biāo)題中的詞都要大寫(xiě),除了冠詞,不定式中的 to,少于 5 個(gè)字母的連接詞。但是,如果這些詞位于標(biāo)題首或尾,或者在冒號(hào)或分號(hào)之后,也要大寫(xiě)。例如:The Sound and the Fury,Management: A Theory)
專(zhuān)有名詞(這個(gè)范圍比較觀,包括人名、物名、地名、歷史事件、機(jī)構(gòu)團(tuán)體名、人種國(guó)別語(yǔ)言等方方面面,例如:The Empire State Building,The Middle Ages,African American)
10. 標(biāo)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤
Punctuation Errors
標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是 SAT 文法中的考點(diǎn)之一,最常見(jiàn)的是逗號(hào)的錯(cuò)誤使用。例如:
I went to the store but they were closed so I went home.
原句由 but 引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)分句,構(gòu)成并列,需要在其前面用逗號(hào)做一個(gè)停頓。除了逗號(hào),分號(hào)、破折號(hào)、撇號(hào)也是易錯(cuò)點(diǎn),都需要引起重視,重點(diǎn)解決。
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