托福閱讀指代題備考寶典

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2017托福閱讀指代題備考寶典

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2017托福閱讀指代題備考寶典

　　一、問題形式

　　被考的文章中有一個詞或詞組被加亮，這個詞通常是一個代詞或名詞。指代題的形式如下：

　　The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to

　　二、解題步驟

　　1.根據(jù)解題技巧確定答案

　　2.代入原文驗證，看語義、邏輯和語法上是否通順

　　三、基本原則

　　1.就近指代

　　所謂就近指代，就是被指代對象通常在指代詞前不遠處，如本句或上一句中。有時也出現(xiàn)在更前面的一句中。例如

　　Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.

　　The phrase this problem in the passage refers to

　　interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas

　　building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines

　　the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines

　　meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy

　　本題涉及的是一個詞組this problem。尋找這一詞組的.指代對象時只需向上搜索就行。根據(jù)就近原則，前一句中的主語the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步確定為答案。將其代入原文，符合語義和邏輯，因此第三個選項為正確答案。第一個選項和第三個選項都和this problem相距較遠，而且代入時語義和邏輯上不通，因此為干擾選項。

　　2.數(shù)格一致

　　被指代對象通常與指代詞在數(shù)(如單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))和格(主格或賓格)兩方面相同。如單數(shù)代詞one指代單數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)代詞they指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞。

　　四、主要思路

　　1.主從復(fù)合句中的指代

　　在主從復(fù)合句中，第二句的代詞主語經(jīng)常指代第一句的名詞主語。例如，

　　The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.

　　The word they in the passage refers to

　　™qualities

　　™fins

　　™grooves

　　™depressions

　　在這一例子中，從句so that they…中的代詞主語they指代主句的名詞主語the fins，因此第二個選項為正確答案。

　　如果主從復(fù)合句中一個句子(可以是主句，也可以是從句)使用被動語態(tài)，包含被動語態(tài)的句子中的主語常指代另一句中的賓語。例如，

　　Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.

　　The word none in the passage refers to

　　food

　　plant or animal

　　energy

　　big body

　　在本例中，if引導(dǎo)的從句使用了被動語態(tài)，代詞主語none指代前面主句中的賓語energy。因此，第三個選項為正確答案。

　　2.并列動詞中的指代

　　如果一個句中有兩個并列的動詞，第二個動詞的代詞賓語經(jīng)常指代前一個動詞后的.名詞賓語。例如，

　　Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.

　　The word “that” in line 27 refers to

　　(A)contemporary art

　　(B)opportunity