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托福高分作文必背的轉(zhuǎn)承詞

時間:2024-05-16 22:25:44 托福(TOEFL) 我要投稿
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托福高分作文必背的轉(zhuǎn)承詞匯總

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托福高分作文必背的轉(zhuǎn)承詞匯總

  一、對照(Contrast)

  whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, on the contrary, while

  二、因果(Cause and effect)

  because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus

  三、增補(Addition)

  in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what`s more, similarly, next, finally.

  四、比較(Comparison)

  in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as

  五、強調(diào)(Emphasis)

  certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant

  六、讓步(Concession)

  although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....

  七、例證(Exemplification)

  for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration.

  八、總結(jié)(Conclusion)

  to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary

  九、推斷(Inference)

  therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise

  十、時間和空間(Time and space)

  afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of

  十一、啟承轉(zhuǎn)合

  1.啟

  A proverb says...... At present.......

  As the proverb says.... Currently.....

  Generally speaking, .... Now,....

  In general, ..... On the Whole....

  It is clear that.... Recently.....

  It is often said that.... Without doubt, .......

  2.承

  First(of all), ...... Moreover, .........

  Firstly, ............ No one can deny that....

  In the first place, ......... Obviously.....

  To begin with, ......... Of course, .........

  Also, ....... Similarly,.........

  At the same time...... Therefore, we should realize that.....

  Certainly...... There is no doubt that.......

  In addition,..... What`s more, ..........

  In fact........ It can be easily proved that...

  Meanwhile......

  3.轉(zhuǎn)

  But... Still, ......

  But the problem is not so simple...

  There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to.......

  However,

  ....... To our surprise,..........

  Nevertheless, ........ Unfortunately.......

  On the other hand, .......

  Yet difference will be found and that is why I feel that........

  Others may find this to be true, but I do not. I think.....

  4.合

  Above all, In brief, ........

  Accordingly, ..... In conclusion, ........

  All in all, .......

  In other words, it is hard to escape the conclusion that........

  As a consequence, ......... In short, .........

  As I have shown/said/stated/.... In sum, ........

  In summary, ....... As has been noted, ....

  Obviously, ......... By so doing, .....

  On the whole, ..... Consequently, ........

  Presumably, ....... Eventually, .........

  To conclude, ...... Finally, ........

  To sum up, ..... In a word, ......

  To summarize, ......

  延伸閱讀:托福寫作高分備考的重點

  一、托福寫作的立意

  由此進入破題與立意結(jié)合的階段。充分的破題所積累的大量思維方向給我們以信心,要做的只有一項遴選工序了。而這選并不是閉上眼睛隨手挑,而要符合以下條件:

  1, 要與論題相匹配。若論題問的既然是提高生活質(zhì)量與否,一些無關(guān)緊要的改變就應(yīng)該棄之不用,比如烹調(diào)時間縮短這一項改變,是事實,且未對生活質(zhì)量有直接明顯影響,就應(yīng)該避免用作主要論點。

  2, 要能言之有物。這是再功利不過的一條標準。比如我自己提到了食物準備時間縮短能讓人性情改變,破題時覺得不無可能,真落筆時卻不知道由何說起,如果選了這一條為一個主要論點,結(jié)果是我說了一句話就走人,那還不如選個能下筆,能展示語言功底,也能顯示思維縝密的寫作方向。

  3, 選擇的無論是2個還是3個論點,內(nèi)在一定要有聯(lián)系。這其實是整個立意階段的重頭。要立意,就是要明白自己表達的對象是什么,明確立場。然后站在這個立場上,挑選支持自己的論點。

  托福寫作破題結(jié)束后,第二要做的重要事項便是整理行文思路。破題過程其實是個發(fā)散思維的過程,而立意,則是要把思維收回來,組織化,理清它的脈絡(luò)紋路,讓他們按照自認為最有說服力的順序排列好,準備落于紙上的過程。這個說服力的強弱,應(yīng)該以什么標準判斷呢?筆者認為,能說服讀者的議論,在論點選擇上應(yīng)該遵循一個原則:三個(或者兩個)論點不能在層面上有交叉,但要符合一條明線:支持全文觀點。而最打動讀者的論點選擇,不僅遵循上面的原則,三個看似不交叉的論點間還有一條暗線貫穿一致。令全文渾然天成,回味無窮。

  立意的地一步,按照上面的原則看,當然是先確定觀點。

  二、托福寫作中需排除異己

  確定觀點后,破題時得到的思維方向,明顯不利于我的就應(yīng)該排除。比如營養(yǎng)價值改變這一條,雖然速食文化的確對人體有害,但另一項速食:生疏和熟粗糧,就是向有益方向改變的,兩者勢均力敵,僅管是很容易想到,也很容易舉例論證的論點,卻不宜使用,因為如此貿(mào)然用了,有思維不縝密之嫌。然而,這畢竟是一塊好啃的骨頭,如果其他論點都不好論證,還可以回頭撿起這一條來,隱去健康速食那個事實進行作文,當然,這依然是下下之選。

  之后,便該比較遺留的可能性論點,選取能言之有物且不交叉的項目,作為主要論點了。托福寫作考試發(fā)散思維時,思維如洪水,席卷一切進入視野的可用之材,但大浪淘盡后,選擇時就要格外注意這些素材的特征屬性,看準了著手點才能下手。一個可能的論點必須作者有話可說才能選用,但如果對一個論點有太多話要說,就應(yīng)該停下來,看看這些話能否安插在其他論點上。這也是出于觀察論點間交叉性的需要。比如我選生活節(jié)奏改變,引發(fā)出速食對食量的影響,再引出對身體的影響,但第一個選擇的論點是營養(yǎng)價值對身體的影響,兩個論點就交叉在一起了。

  在挑選論點,尋找言之有物這個“物”的時候,一定要注意避免層面的交叉,而這個層面,也要從托福寫作題目中來:題目問的是對生活質(zhì)量的影響,這些選擇的層面一定和生活質(zhì)量有關(guān)。生活質(zhì)量又有什么層面呢?身體健康是一層,心理健康是一層,這兩者合并在一起,是人類健康生活的基本要求,而物質(zhì)享受是在基本要求上的錦上添花,又可以算一層,三層不交叉的層面就找到了。以此為依據(jù),再回頭找匹配的論點,事半功倍。此處也需要注意,破題時給出的方向只是方向,不是成熟的論點。有需要時,可以把匹配的幾個方向糅合成一個論點,方便下筆。

  有些時候,在一些寫作題中會隱藏一些論點,也就是暗線。這條暗線,應(yīng)該是什么呢?是讓托福寫作從死板規(guī)矩的舉例說理,三片豆腐塊兒拼成的死文字,變成有思想,又靈性,能從紙上走出來,走進讀者內(nèi)心去的,作者的心聲。這暗線,就是前文提過的,能賦予文章品格的,剛?cè)嶂,是或者以情,或者以理,串?lián)整篇文章。

  既然這條暗線要貫穿全文,就必須與各個論點有一定聯(lián)系。而在串連所有論點的同時,要避免交叉,就使這個暗線出于一個全新的視角。之前筆者從題目用詞的角度發(fā)散思維,再根據(jù)題目提問的出發(fā)點將發(fā)散開的思維分成三股收束起來。從題目本身入手,已無處再用力,可以使用的視角,只能從個人經(jīng)驗和知識中采鑿-----而這正是獨立寫作的基本要求

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