英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全匯總
一.直接引語(yǔ)/間接引語(yǔ)
如果引語(yǔ)的主句所用動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí),那么間接引語(yǔ)要做相應(yīng)變化:時(shí)態(tài),人稱,時(shí)間地點(diǎn)及指示詞
1) 時(shí)態(tài)變化:
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)——一般過(guò)去時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)——過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
一般過(guò)去時(shí)——過(guò)去完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)——過(guò)去完成時(shí)
一般將來(lái)時(shí)——過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
be going to——was/were going to/would
can--could
may--might
2) 時(shí)間地點(diǎn)及指示詞的變化:
here-there, tomorrow-the next day, the following day, this-that…
3) 人稱變化:根據(jù)句意改變?nèi)朔Q。
4) 直接賓語(yǔ)/間接賓語(yǔ)
主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)
直接賓語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞的直接對(duì)象,間接賓語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作所涉及的人或事務(wù),也可以說(shuō)間接賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作是對(duì)誰(shuí)做的,或者是為誰(shuí)做的。所以間接賓語(yǔ)要用名詞或者賓格代詞來(lái)?yè)?dān)當(dāng)。
He gives me a book.(me間接賓語(yǔ),a book直接賓語(yǔ))
直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)的位置調(diào)換時(shí)要加一個(gè)介詞to或for:
主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+直接賓語(yǔ)+介詞+間接賓語(yǔ)
Give me a book. = Give the book to me.
Send him a letter. = Send a letter to him.
Show him the new dress. = Show the new dress to him.
二.將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
形式
will/shall have been+現(xiàn)在分詞用于第一人稱,而 will have been+現(xiàn)在分詞用于其他人稱。
用法
正如將來(lái)完成時(shí)一樣,它通常與一個(gè)以by開(kāi)頭的時(shí)間短語(yǔ)連用:
By the end of this year he’ll have been acting for thirty years.
到今年年底他當(dāng)演員就滿30年了。
將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與將來(lái)完成時(shí)的關(guān)系和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的關(guān)系一樣。即在以下情況下可以用將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)而不用將來(lái)完成時(shí):
1. 動(dòng)作本身就是連續(xù)的:
By the end of the month he will have been living/working/studying here for ten years.
到了月底他在這里居住/工作/學(xué)習(xí)就滿十年了。
2. 一種經(jīng)常進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作被表示為連續(xù)的動(dòng)作:
By the end of this month he will have been training horses/climbing mountains for twenty years.
到了這個(gè)月底他馴馬/登山就滿20年了。
但是如果提到所馴馬匹或所攀登的山峰的數(shù)目,或用任何方式把動(dòng)作分割為一次又一次的動(dòng)作,就必須用將來(lái)完成時(shí):
By the end of the month he will have trained 600 horses/climbed 50 mountains.
到本月底,他馴服的馬就有600匹/攀登的山峰就有50座了
三.過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始,一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)刻,到那個(gè)時(shí)刻,該動(dòng)作可能剛剛終止,也有可能還在繼續(xù)。
形式
had been + V-ing形式
用法
1. 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作與過(guò)去的時(shí)間的關(guān)系,可以用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)表示,也可以通過(guò)上下文來(lái)表示。例如:
By the end of last month they had been working here for about ten days. 到上個(gè)月為止,他們?cè)谶@里工作大約有十天了。
She said that she had been listening to radio after school. 她說(shuō)她放學(xué)后一直在聽(tīng)收音機(jī)。
2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)可以表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束,但其結(jié)果仍然影響到過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻。例如:
It had been raining and the street was still wet. 天一直在下雨,街道仍然很濕。
3. 像 work、study、stay、sing、teach等延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用時(shí),用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻,通常強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性和不間斷性。例如:
She had been studying for two hours when her classmate came to visit her. 當(dāng)她的同學(xué)來(lái)看她的時(shí)候,她學(xué)習(xí)有兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。
4. 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別:過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過(guò)去某時(shí)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如:
I was writing a letter when she came to see me. 當(dāng)她來(lái)看我時(shí)我正在寫(xiě)信。
I had been writing a letter for two hours by the time she came to see me. 當(dāng)她來(lái)看我的時(shí)候,我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了兩個(gè)小時(shí)的信了。
5. 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)的不同:過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的`動(dòng)作或情況,這個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間可以用by,before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示;或者表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過(guò)去動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如:
They had just had breakfast when Tom came in. 湯姆來(lái)時(shí),他們剛吃過(guò)早飯。
They had been having breakfast for ten minutes when Tom came in. 湯姆來(lái)時(shí),他們已經(jīng)吃了十分鐘的早飯了。
四.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行的形式
I / we / they have been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
He / she / it has been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行的功用
1) 表示一個(gè)在過(guò)去開(kāi)始而在最近剛剛結(jié)束的行動(dòng),如:
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
2) 表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去開(kāi)始但仍在進(jìn)行的行動(dòng),如:
It has been raining for two hours. (現(xiàn)在還在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
3) 表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去開(kāi)始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可以包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一個(gè)階段內(nèi),重復(fù)發(fā)生的行動(dòng),如:
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作行為的結(jié)果、影響,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作行為本身,如:
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
注意:
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有否定結(jié)構(gòu)、而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)沒(méi)有否定結(jié)構(gòu)。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)可表示做完的時(shí)期以及已有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不可以。
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定結(jié)構(gòu)
在當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)中,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)也可用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自從上周發(fā)生了那次不幸事故之后,我一直睡得很不好.
He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much contact with him. 他并沒(méi)有給我工作過(guò),我和他沒(méi)有過(guò)那許多接觸。
否定句構(gòu)成:
主語(yǔ)+has/have+not+been+現(xiàn)在分詞
一般疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成:
Have/has+主語(yǔ)+been+現(xiàn)在分詞+其他
過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)
五.過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)
形式
should / would have done sth.
用法
1、 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去將來(lái)某一時(shí)間以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,并往往會(huì)對(duì)過(guò)去將來(lái)某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。
I thought you'd have left by this time. 我想這會(huì)兒你已經(jīng)走了。
He told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock. 他告訴他們他會(huì)在8點(diǎn)以前干完。
I guessed that Helen would have told her something. 我猜海倫會(huì)告訴她一些情況的。
2、 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)還常用在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中,表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反。
六.過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí):表示就過(guò)去某一時(shí)間而言,將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,主要用賓語(yǔ)從句中,尤其多用于間接引語(yǔ)中。
基本用法:
用于間接引語(yǔ):They said they would be coming.(他們說(shuō)了他們將要來(lái)。)
用于定語(yǔ)從句:The new job he would be taking was raising racing horses.(他將要接受的新工作是養(yǎng)賽馬。 )
作用:
1. 過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之后即將進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作:
例如:He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.(他說(shuō)他不能來(lái)因?yàn)橐_(kāi)會(huì)。)
2. 過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過(guò)去將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作:它常和表過(guò)去將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,但上下文清楚時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)亦可省略。和將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)一樣,它也常表計(jì)劃中的事,不表意愿或打算。它還有一個(gè)特點(diǎn),即常用在賓語(yǔ)從句(尤其是間接引語(yǔ))中。
例如:John told us that Mary would be coming next day.(約翰告訴我們瑪麗第二天來(lái)。)
3. 過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)也可用在其它從句中:
用在定語(yǔ)從句中:The new name he would be using was Jack Jones.(他將用的新名是杰克瓊斯。)
用在狀語(yǔ)從句中:He would pay the rest as he would be leaving France.(其余款項(xiàng),他將在離開(kāi)法國(guó)時(shí)付清。)
4. 過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)也可用在獨(dú)立句中:
例如:The car started. Ellen James would be driving off to the university.(車(chē)子發(fā)動(dòng)了。埃倫詹姆斯要開(kāi)車(chē)到大學(xué)去。)
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