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關(guān)于自考英語(yǔ)之語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
自考英語(yǔ)二考試語(yǔ)法指導(dǎo)提綱
北京航空航天大學(xué)
1. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
1．1 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)一覽表
時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)
主動(dòng)被動(dòng) do are done did were done will do will be done
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
主動(dòng)被動(dòng) are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 將來(lái)完成時(shí)
主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) have been doing
1.2 動(dòng)詞主要時(shí)態(tài)的意義及運(yùn)用
1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)和將來(lái)完成時(shí)
英語(yǔ)提示語(yǔ)：up to now, so far, for three years, since 1995, over past ten years, by the end of this week, by the year of 1995
漢語(yǔ)提示語(yǔ)：已經(jīng)，早已，了
e.g. We haven’t met each other since last year.
By the end of this week, we’ll have finished the task.
2) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
從過(guò)去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，沒(méi)有間斷。
漢語(yǔ)提示語(yǔ)：一直
e.g. The water has been running the whole night.
3) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
a) said, reported, thought 等引導(dǎo)的間接引語(yǔ)中。
e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train.
b) hardly…when, no sooner… than
e.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call.
c) 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中
e.g. If I had tried harder, I would have won.
I wish I had done better in the exam.
歷年考題中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
1. Much of the carbon in the earth ___ (come) from things that once lived.
2. In the past two decades, research ___ (expand) our knowledge about sleep and dream.
3. Some proverbs ___ (be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friend indeed.
4. ___ (stand) at the gate was a young man in green coat.
5. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush’s approved rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling ___ (begin) in the 19302.
6. Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ___ (make) us tolerate crime more than we should.
7. So far, Irving ___ (live) in New York City for ten years.
8. The patient ___ (send) to another hospital before we got there.
9. The second half of the nineteenth century ___ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.
10. All the worries they might have felt for him ___ (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.
Key:
1. comes 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語(yǔ)為不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
2. has expanded 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
3. has been 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
4. Standing 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的倒裝形式
5. began 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
6. makes 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
7. has been living 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
8. had been sent 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)形式
9. witnessed 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
10. were driven 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)
2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
2.1 動(dòng)詞主要時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)一覽表
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 形式 意義
現(xiàn)在分詞
一 般 式 Doing 主動(dòng), 正在進(jìn)行
被 動(dòng) 式 being done 被動(dòng), 正在進(jìn)行
完成主動(dòng)式 having done 主動(dòng), 已經(jīng)完成
完成被動(dòng)式 having been done 被動(dòng), 已經(jīng)完成
過(guò)去分詞 Done 被動(dòng), 已經(jīng)完成
動(dòng)詞不定式
一 般 式 To do 主動(dòng),將要進(jìn)行
被 動(dòng) 式 To be done 被動(dòng), 將要進(jìn)行
完成主動(dòng)式 To have done 主動(dòng), 已經(jīng)完成
進(jìn)行主動(dòng)式 To be doing 主動(dòng), 正在進(jìn)行
2.2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)
?動(dòng)詞不定式：1）目的狀語(yǔ)；2）結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)
e.g. I came here to meet you. （目的）
He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （結(jié)果）
?分詞：1) 伴隨狀語(yǔ)；2）原因狀語(yǔ)；3）條件狀語(yǔ) 4）讓步狀語(yǔ)；5）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
e.g. Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （時(shí)間）
Being very tired, my father didn’t go out with us. （原因）
Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）
Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (條件)
2.3 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，狀語(yǔ)從句和獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分詞作狀語(yǔ))
2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. （連詞+分詞）
3) After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （狀語(yǔ)從句）
4) With homework done, the children began to play. （獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)）
2.4 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)
1) If there is no choice, there is no decision ___ (make). (to be made)
2) Do you know the man ____ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing)
3) The question ____ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed)
4) The bridge ____ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built)
2.5 動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式
? 作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)
動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)/表語(yǔ)表示一般、抽象的情況；動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)作主語(yǔ)表示具體某次的情況。
e.g Rising early is good for health.
To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.
It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.
My biggest wish is to go abroad.
Seeing is believing.
? 作賓語(yǔ)
接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：
admit, acknowledge, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, forgive, finish, include, involve, mind, put off, postpone, suggest, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be accustomed to, etc.
接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：
want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to, seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin
接動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式有不同含義的動(dòng)詞：
1) forget, remember, regret
2) stop, continue
3) need/ want
4) allow doing/ allow sb to do
(1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time?
Sorry, I forgot to lock the door.
(2) I can’t stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand?
(3) The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut.
(4) We don’t allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here.
歷年考題中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
1. A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys ___ (do) is ignored by society as of no value or importance.
2. Anyone ___(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.
3. It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes ___ (control) his direction.
4. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals ___ (use) in experiments may decrease.
5. It seems reasonable to assume that, other things ___ (be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms.
6. This poem, if ___ (translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense.
7. They may have their passports _____ (remove), making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible.
8. Her body, with hands and feet ____ (bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning.
9. I couldn’t help but ___ (feel) this is a very strange life.
10. Let us consider the earth as a planet ____ (revolve) round the sun.
Key:
1. doing 動(dòng)名詞做enjoy的賓語(yǔ)
2. wanting 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)
3. to control 動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)
4. used 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)
5. being 現(xiàn)在分詞用在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中
6. translated 連詞加過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)
7. removed 過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)
8. bound 過(guò)去分詞用在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中
9. feel couldn’t help but 后接動(dòng)詞原形
10. revolving 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)
3. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣
第一大類：非真實(shí)條件下的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
時(shí)間 從句 主句
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 did/ were should/could/would + do
與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 had done should/could/would + have done
與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反 were to doshould do should/could/would + do
e.g. If I were you, I would be happy to do it.
If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier.
If the job were to succeed, you should work harder.
第二大類：從句中用過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1) would rather + 從句
2) wish + 從句
3) if only + 從句
4) as if/ as though + 從句
5) It’s time + 從句
e.g. I would rather you didn’t tell me the story now.
I would rather you had told me the story yesterday.
第三大類：從句中用should加動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其中should可省略。
1) suggest, propose, advise, move(動(dòng)議), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等動(dòng)詞后接的賓語(yǔ)從句；
2) suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名詞后的同位語(yǔ)從句；
3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容詞用在it is … that…句型中；
4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引導(dǎo)的從句中。
e.g. It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.
It is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.
It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put off.
He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting.
歷年考題中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1. If it hadn’t been for your help, we ___ (be) in real trouble. He would have given you more help, if he ___ (not be) so busy.
3. It is high time that we ___ (take) firm measures to protect our environment.
4. It was imperative that students ___ (finish) their papers before July 1st.
5. They demanded that the right to vote ___ (give) to every adult person.There was a mistake on my paycheck. I _____(receive) $10 more.I would rather he ____ ( buy) the house next year. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we ___ (meet) them before.
9. Should she come tomorrow, I ___ take her to the museum.
[A] can [B] will [C] would [D] must
10. If we ___ everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.
[A] hadn’t got [B] didn’t get [C] wouldn’t have got [D] wouldn’t get
Key:
1. would have been 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句
2. had not been 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的從句
3. took It is high time +過(guò)去式的虛擬形式
4. should finish/finish It was imperative that+動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬形式
5. be given demand所接賓語(yǔ)從句用動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬形式
6. should have received 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句，表示“本應(yīng)該收到”而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有。
7. bought would rather后接賓語(yǔ)從句，從句用過(guò)去式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
8. had met as if 所引導(dǎo)的從句用過(guò)去完成式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
3. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣
第一大類：非真實(shí)條件下的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
時(shí)間 從句 主句
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 did/ were should/could/would + do
與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 had done should/could/would + have done
與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反 were to doshould do should/could/would + do
e.g. If I were you, I would be happy to do it.
If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier.
If the job were to succeed, you should work harder.
第二大類：從句中用過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1) would rather + 從句
2) wish + 從句
3) if only + 從句
4) as if/ as though + 從句
5) It’s time + 從句
e.g. I would rather you didn’t tell me the story now.
I would rather you had told me the story yesterday.
第三大類：從句中用should加動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其中should可省略。
1) suggest, propose, advise, move(動(dòng)議), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等動(dòng)詞后接的賓語(yǔ)從句；
2) suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名詞后的同位語(yǔ)從句；
3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容詞用在it is … that…句型中；
4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引導(dǎo)的從句中。
e.g. It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.
It is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.
It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put off.
He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting.
歷年考題中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1. If it hadn’t been for your help, we ___ (be) in real trouble. He would have given you more help, if he ___ (not be) so busy.
3. It is high time that we ___ (take) firm measures to protect our environment.
4. It was imperative that students ___ (finish) their papers before July 1st.
5. They demanded that the right to vote ___ (give) to every adult person.There was a mistake on my paycheck. I _____(receive) $10 more.I would rather he ____ ( buy) the house next year. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we ___ (meet) them before.
9. Should she come tomorrow, I ___ take her to the museum.
[A] can [B] will [C] would [D] must
10. If we ___ everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.
[A] hadn’t got [B] didn’t get [C] wouldn’t have got [D] wouldn’t get
Key:
1. would have been 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句
2. had not been 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的從句
3. took It is high time +過(guò)去式的虛擬形式
4. should finish/finish It was imperative that+動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬形式
5. be given demand所接賓語(yǔ)從句用動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬形式
6. should have received 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句，表示“本應(yīng)該收到”而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有。
7. bought would rather后接賓語(yǔ)從句，從句用過(guò)去式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
8. had met as if 所引導(dǎo)的從句用過(guò)去完成式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
9. C 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句。
10. A 從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，但本身已經(jīng)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（從by now可以看出），所以變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)。
9. C 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句。
10. A 從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，但本身已經(jīng)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（從by now可以看出），所以變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)。
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