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全新版大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程4課后答案（第二單元）
全新版大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程4（第二單元）第一篇課文是關(guān)于汽車(chē)的文章。下面是小編整理的課后答案，歡迎閱讀，希望對(duì)您有所幫助。
Unit 2
Vocabulary
I. 1. 1) expansion 2) automated 3) vapor 4) take control of 5) hazards 6) satellite 7) vibrated 8) magnetic 9) bunched 10) in the air 11) got/was stuckin 12) approximately
2. 1) send out 2) stand up for 3) pass for 4) were closing in on 5) starting up 6) went through 7) fill out 8) fall into
3. 1)… incorporates all the latest safety features 2) …two trees ten feet apart 3) … awarding lucrative contracts to his construction site 4) … the prototype of a new model before they set up a factory to make the cars. 5) … are correlated in all racial groups
4.1) the application, remote, has turned into a reality, are poised to
2) that vibrate, can detect, frequency
3) lanes, are mounted in, alert a, hazard
II. Word Formation
Clipped Words Blends
Kilo kilogram Medicare medical care Memo memorandum email electronic mail gym gymnasium comsat communications satellite lib liberation newscast news broadcast doc doctor skyjack sky hijack vet veterinarian Eurodollar European dollar prep preparatory brunch breakfast and lunch auto automobile telecast television broadcast flu influenza Oxbridge Oxford and Cambridge
III. 1. swimming pool 2. drawing board 3. enriched Middle English 4. disturbing change 5. fully developed prototype 6. Canned foods 7. working population 8. puzzling differences Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
1. 1) computerized 2) start up 3) be poised to 4) alert 5)hazards 6) monotonous 7) take control of 8) steer 9) lane 10) decrease 11) calculate 12) eliminate 13) getting stuck in 14) mounted 15) detect 16) vapor
2. 1) generates 2) related 3) revolutionized 4) enabled 5) opportunities 6) overall 7) manufacturing 8) dependent 9) interact 10) fatalities
II. Translation
1.1) There was an unusual quietness in the air, except for the sound of artillery in the distance.
2) The expansion of urban areas in some African countries has been causing a significant fall in living standards and an increase in social problem.
3) The research shows that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are closely correlated with global temperatures.
4) The frequency of the bus service has been improved from 15 to 12 minutes recently
5) The diver stood on the edge of the diving board, poised to jump at the signal from the coach.
2. Automobiles have, since their invention, revolutionized transportation, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business. On the other hand, they have brought hazards, especially highway fatalities. However, today the application of computer technology and electronic sensors in designing and manufacturing cars makes it possible to eliminate most of traffic accidents. For example, electronic sensors mounted in your car can detect alcohol vapor in the air and refuse to start up the engine. They can also monitor road conditions by receiving radio signals sent out from orbiting satellites and greatly reduce your chances of getting stuck in traffic jams.
拓展：原文
Steve Shladover outlines the benefits to be gained from vehicles that could drive themselves and discusses how this could be achieved.
斯蒂夫·施多弗闡述了能自動(dòng)運(yùn)行的車(chē)輛的諸多裨益，并詳細(xì)論述了如何將其變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。
Intelligent Vehicles
智能車(chē)輛
Steve Shladover
斯蒂夫·施多弗
Even when cars were still young, futurists began thinking about vehicles that could drive themselves, without human help. Perhaps the best known of these conjectures was the General Motors Futurama, the hit of the New York World's Fair. Now, at the start of the new century, it's worth taking a fresh look at this concept and asking how automation might change transportation and the quality of our lives.
還在汽車(chē)問(wèn)世之初，未來(lái)學(xué)家就開(kāi)始設(shè)想無(wú)需人來(lái)操縱便能自動(dòng)運(yùn)行的車(chē)輛將是什么樣兒的。這類(lèi)設(shè)想最出名的或許是年紐約世界博覽會(huì)上轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的由通用汽車(chē)公司推出的“未來(lái)城市風(fēng)光”。今天，在世紀(jì)之初，以新的目光去審視這樣的設(shè)想，去探討自動(dòng)化將如何改變交通以及我們的生活質(zhì)量，是頗具價(jià)值的。
Consider some of the implications of cars that could drive themselves.
且來(lái)看一看能自動(dòng)運(yùn)行的汽車(chē)意味著什么。
We might eliminate the more than ninety percent of traffic crashes that are caused by human errors such as misjudgments and inattention.
我們或許能消除%以上由于判斷失誤以及疏忽等人為因素造成的交通事故。
We might reduce antisocial driving behavior such as road rage, thereby significantly reducing the stress of driving.
我們或許能減少野蠻開(kāi)車(chē)這類(lèi)有害公眾利益的開(kāi)車(chē)行為，從而大大減輕行車(chē)壓力。
The entire population, including the young, the old, and the infirm, might enjoy a higher level of mobility without requiring advanced driving skills.
社會(huì)全體成員，包括老老少少與體弱者，也許都不需習(xí)得嫻熟的駕車(chē)技巧就能較為自由地奔馳了。
The luxury of being chauffeured to your destination might be enjoyed by all, not just the wealthiest individuals.
被開(kāi)車(chē)接送也許會(huì)成為世人共同的享受，而不僅僅是最富裕階層的一種奢侈。
Fuel consumption and pollution might be reduced by smoothing traffic flow and running vehicles close enough to each other to benefit from aerodynamic drafting.
車(chē)流通暢，相互緊隨行駛的車(chē)輛能利用前車(chē)產(chǎn)生的較小的空氣阻力，這些都可能減少油耗和污染。
Traffic-management decisions might be based on firm knowledge of vehicle responses to instructions, rather than on guesses about the choices that drivers might make.
交通管理將會(huì)建立在充分了解車(chē)輛對(duì)指令的應(yīng)變能力的基礎(chǔ)上，而非基于對(duì)車(chē)輛駕駛者可能采取的行動(dòng)的粗略估測(cè)。
The capacity of a freeway lane might be doubled or tripled, making it possible to accommodate growing demands for travel without major new construction, or, equivalently, today's level of congestion might be reduced, enabling travelers to save time.
高速公路的車(chē)容量會(huì)增加一倍或二倍，使其不必大興土木就能適應(yīng)不斷增長(zhǎng)的行車(chē)需求;或者，同樣重要地，目前交通擁堵的程度能得到緩解，以使行車(chē)者節(jié)省時(shí)間。
Is it feasible?
是否可行?
This is now a realistic prospect. With advances in technology we can readily visualize your trip on an automated highway system.
目前這已成為一個(gè)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望。隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，我們不難設(shè)想自動(dòng)化公路系統(tǒng)上的行車(chē)過(guò)程。
Imagine leaving work at the end of the day and needing to drive only as far as the nearest on-ramp to the local automated highway. At the on-ramp, you press a button on your dashboard to select the off-ramp closest to your home and then relax as your car's electronic systems, in cooperation with roadside electronics and similar systems on other cars, guide your car smoothly, safely, and effortlessly toward your destination. En route you save time by maintaining full speed even at rush-hour traffic volumes. At the end of the off-ramp you resume normal control and drive the remaining distance to your home, better rested and less stressed than if you had driven the entire way.
且來(lái)設(shè)想，工作一天下班后，只需開(kāi)車(chē)至最近的一個(gè)自動(dòng)公路入口匝道。到了入口匝道，在儀表板上按一下按鈕選擇離家最近的出口匝道，隨后就休息放松，由車(chē)上的電子系統(tǒng)與路旁的電子裝置以及其他車(chē)輛上類(lèi)似的系統(tǒng)合作，把車(chē)平穩(wěn)、安全、順暢地開(kāi)往目的地。即使是在車(chē)流量的高峰時(shí)段，也能一路全速行駛，從而節(jié)省時(shí)間。下了出口匝道，再照平常那樣駕駛，開(kāi)過(guò)余下的路程回家，那要比自己全程駕駛省力輕松許多。
Although many different technical developments are necessary to turn this image into reality, none requires exotic technologies, and all can be based on systems and components that are already being actively developed in the international motor vehicle industry. These could be viewed as replacements for the diverse functions that drivers perform every day: observing the road, observing the preceding vehicles, steering, accelerating, braking, and deciding when and where to change course.
要把這一景象變成現(xiàn)實(shí)固然需要各種不同的技術(shù)發(fā)展，但也無(wú)需什么匪夷所思的技術(shù)，所有的技術(shù)都能以國(guó)際車(chē)輛制造業(yè)正在積極開(kāi)發(fā)研制的各種系統(tǒng)和部件作為基礎(chǔ)。這些技術(shù)可以被看作是車(chē)輛駕駛者日常開(kāi)車(chē)所起各種作用的替代：觀察路況，留意前行車(chē)輛，掌握方向，加速，剎車(chē)，變道。
Observing the road
觀察路況
Researchers have developed a road-reference and sensing system that makes it possible to determine accurately a vehicle's position and orientation relative to the lane's center. Cheap permanent magnets are buried at four-foot intervals along the lane centerline and detected by magnetometers mounted under the vehicle's bumpers. . These meters provide the information used by the vehicle's control computer to determine its exact position of the vehicle.
研究人員開(kāi)發(fā)了一種路況參考及傳感系統(tǒng)，這些能準(zhǔn)確判斷車(chē)輛的方位及所在車(chē)道中心的相應(yīng)定位。價(jià)格低廉的永磁體以英尺的間隔埋設(shè)在車(chē)道中心線上，車(chē)輛保險(xiǎn)桿下安裝著的磁強(qiáng)計(jì)能夠測(cè)知。這些磁強(qiáng)計(jì)向車(chē)上的計(jì)算機(jī)控制臺(tái)提供信息，以斷定車(chē)輛的確切方位。
Other researchers have used computer vision systems to observe the road. () These are vulnerable to weather problems and provide less accurate measurements, but they do not require special roadway installations, other than well-maintained lane markings.
其他研究人員利用計(jì)算機(jī)圖像系統(tǒng)觀察路況。這類(lèi)系統(tǒng)易受氣候變化的影響，提供的數(shù)據(jù)不夠精確，但它們不需要特別的道路設(shè)置，只需要將路面標(biāo)志維護(hù)好就行了。
Observing preceding vehicles
留意前行車(chē)輛
The distances and closing rates to preceding vehicles can be measured by a radar or a laser rangefinder. Both technologies have already been implemented in commercially available systems in Japan and Europe. The laser systems are currently less expensive, but the radar systems are more effective at detecting dirty vehicles and operating in adverse weather conditions. As production volumes increase and unit costs decrease, the radars are likely to find increasing favor.
與前行車(chē)輛的車(chē)距及接近時(shí)的速度可用雷達(dá)或激光測(cè)距儀測(cè)定。這兩項(xiàng)技術(shù)已經(jīng)在日本和歐洲投入商業(yè)運(yùn)用。目前激光系統(tǒng)比較便宜，但雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)能更加有效地測(cè)知野蠻行駛的車(chē)輛，能更加安全地在天氣惡劣時(shí)操作。隨著產(chǎn)量的提高，成本的降低，雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)將會(huì)越來(lái)越受歡迎。
Steering, accelerating and braking
掌握方向、加速和剎車(chē)
The equivalents of these driver muscle functions are electromechanical devices installed in the automated vehicle. They receive electronic commands from the onboard control computer and then apply the appropriate steering angle, throttle angle, and brake pressure by means of small electric motors. Early versions of these devices are already being introduced into production of vehicles, where they receive their commands directly from the driver's inputs to the steering wheel and pedals. These decisions are being made for reasons largely unrelated to automation. Rather they are associated with reduced energy consumption, simplification of vehicle design, enhanced ease of vehicle assembly, improved ability to adjust performance to match driver preferences, and cost savings compared to traditional direct mechanical control devices.
相當(dāng)于車(chē)輛駕駛者肌功能的是安置在自動(dòng)車(chē)輛上的電動(dòng)機(jī)械裝置。它們接收車(chē)上計(jì)算機(jī)控制臺(tái)發(fā)出的電子指令，再憑借小型電力發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)恰當(dāng)?shù)乜刂品较�、油門(mén)大小以及剎車(chē)緊急程度。車(chē)輛生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)采用這類(lèi)裝置的最初樣本，它們通過(guò)駕駛者給方向盤(pán)和踏板的輸入信息直接獲得指令。決定開(kāi)發(fā)這類(lèi)產(chǎn)品大都與自動(dòng)化無(wú)關(guān)。與之有關(guān)的因素有降低能耗、簡(jiǎn)化車(chē)輛設(shè)計(jì)、進(jìn)一步提高車(chē)輛裝配效率、改善根據(jù)車(chē)輛駕駛者的喜好調(diào)節(jié)性能的能力，以及低于傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械直控裝置的成本等。
Deciding when and where to change course
決定何時(shí)何處變道
Computers in the vehicles and those at the roadside have different functions. Roadside computers are better suited for traffic management, setting the target speed for each segment and lane of roadway, and allocating vehicles to different lanes of a multilane automated facility. The aim is to maintain balanced flow among the lanes and to avoid obstacles or incidents that might block a lane. The vehicle's onboard computers are better suited to handling decisions about exactly when and where to change lanes to avoid interference with other vehicles.
車(chē)用計(jì)算機(jī)與路邊裝置的計(jì)算機(jī)功能不同。路邊設(shè)置的計(jì)算機(jī)更適用于交通管理，如為不同路段和車(chē)道設(shè)定限速，通過(guò)多車(chē)道自動(dòng)化設(shè)施為車(chē)輛安排不同的車(chē)道。其目的是使各車(chē)道的車(chē)流量保持平衡，避免可能堵塞車(chē)道的障礙或事故。車(chē)用計(jì)算機(jī)更適用于精確地判斷在什么時(shí)間和位置改變車(chē)道，以避免與其他車(chē)輛碰撞。
Remaining challenges
尚存的挑戰(zhàn)
There remain a number of difficulties to be overcome. These are mainly technical, but there are in addition a number of nontechnical challenges that need to be addressed. These involve issues of liability, costs, and perceptions.
尚有許多困難有待克服。主要是技術(shù)性難題，但此外也有不少非技術(shù)性的挑戰(zhàn)需要面對(duì)，其中包括行車(chē)責(zé)任、成本以及觀念等問(wèn)題。
Automated control of vehicles shifts liability for most crashes from the individual driver (and his or her insurance company) to the designer, developer, and vendor of the vehicle and roadway control systems. Provided the system is indeed safer than today's driver-vehicle-highway system, overall liability exposure should be reduced. But its costs will be shifted from automobile insurance premiums to the purchase or lease price of the automated vehicle and toll for use of the automated highway facility.
車(chē)輛的自動(dòng)控制把大多數(shù)事故的責(zé)任從車(chē)輛駕駛者個(gè)人(及其保險(xiǎn)公司)轉(zhuǎn)移到設(shè)計(jì)者、研制者以及車(chē)輛和道路控制系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商身上。如果這一系統(tǒng)的確比當(dāng)今的車(chē)輛駕駛者—車(chē)輛—公路系統(tǒng)安全，總體責(zé)任風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就會(huì)減少。但其成本會(huì)從汽車(chē)保險(xiǎn)金轉(zhuǎn)移到自動(dòng)車(chē)輛的售價(jià)或租金，以及自動(dòng)公路設(shè)施的使用費(fèi)上來(lái)。
All new technologies tend to be costly when they first become available in small quantities, then their costs decline as production volumes increase and the technologies mature. We should expect vehicle automation technologies to follow the same pattern. They may initially be economically viable only for heavy vehicles (transit buses, commercial trucks) and high-end passenger cars. However, it should not take long for the costs to become affordable to a wide range of vehicle owners and operators, especially with many of the enabling technologies already being commercialized for volume production today.
任何新技術(shù)在最初小批量供應(yīng)時(shí)都相對(duì)昂貴，以后隨著產(chǎn)量的增長(zhǎng)與技術(shù)的完善，成本就會(huì)降低。我們相信車(chē)輛自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)也將遵循這一模式。從經(jīng)濟(jì)角度考慮，這類(lèi)技術(shù)在最初階段或許只能應(yīng)用于重型車(chē)輛(如公交車(chē)、貨運(yùn)卡車(chē))和高級(jí)客車(chē)。然而，不用多久，其成本就能為廣大車(chē)輛擁有者和駕駛者所接受，尤其是目前不少可以應(yīng)用的技術(shù)已經(jīng)走向市場(chǎng)，開(kāi)始了批量生產(chǎn)。
The largest impediment to introduction of electronic chauffeuring may turn out to be the general perception that it's more difficult and expensive to implement than it really is. If political and industrial decision makers perceive automated driving to be too futuristic, they will not pay it the attention it deserves and will not invest their resources toward accelerating its deployment. The perception could thus become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
電子駕駛應(yīng)用的障礙可能在于一種普遍的觀念，認(rèn)為這一技術(shù)的應(yīng)用比實(shí)際情況更困難，更昂貴。如果政治決策者和企業(yè)決策者認(rèn)為自動(dòng)駕駛過(guò)于超前，他們就不會(huì)予以應(yīng)有的關(guān)注，就不會(huì)投入資源，促使其早日為人們利用。這樣的話(huà)，這一觀念就可能成為一種終將實(shí)現(xiàn)的預(yù)言。
It is important to recognize that automated vehicles are already carrying millions of passengers every day. Most major airports have automated people movers that transfer passengers among terminal buildings. Urban transit lines in Paris, London, Vancouver, Lyon, and Lille, among others, are operating with completely automated, driverless vehicles; some have been doing so for more than a decade. Modern commercial aircraft operate on autopilot for much of the time, and they also land under automatic control at suitably equipped airports on a regular basis.
重要的是，要看到，每天已有千百萬(wàn)人乘坐自動(dòng)化車(chē)輛。大多數(shù)頗具規(guī)模的機(jī)場(chǎng)都有自動(dòng)控制的客車(chē)把乘客從一個(gè)航站樓轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)航站樓。不少城市公交線路，如巴黎、倫敦、溫哥華、里昂和里爾等，都是由全自動(dòng)控制的無(wú)人駕駛車(chē)輛運(yùn)行的，有些已運(yùn)行了十多年�，F(xiàn)代商用飛機(jī)大多時(shí)間是由自動(dòng)駕駛儀操縱的，在裝備完善的機(jī)場(chǎng)，這些飛機(jī)一向在自動(dòng)控制指揮下著陸。
Given all of this experience in implementing safe automated transportation systems, it is not such a large leap to develop road vehicles that can operate under automatic control. That should be a realistic goal for the next decade. The transportation system will thus gain substantial benefits from the revolution in information technology.
考慮到所有這些安全運(yùn)用自動(dòng)化交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，開(kāi)發(fā)由自動(dòng)控制操縱的公路車(chē)輛算不上什么大的飛躍。這應(yīng)該是未來(lái)十年中的一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)目標(biāo)，交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)也就會(huì)大大得益于信息技術(shù)革命。
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