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21世紀大學英語讀寫教程第4冊第3課內(nèi)容解說
導語：我們每個人在不同的階段，都會有不同的觀點，有些觀點是好的，有些觀點是不好，那么我們該如何改變不好的觀點呢，下面是一篇關于改變觀點的英語課文，歡迎大家閱讀。
How to Change Your Point of View
Caroline Seebohm
Dr. Edward Jenner was busy trying to solve the problem of smallpox. After studying case after case, he still found no possible cure. He had reached an impasse in his thinking. At this point, he changed his tactics. Instead of focusing on people who had smallpox, he switched his attention to people who did not have smallpox. It turned out that dairymaids apparently never got the disease. From the discovery that harmless cowpox gave protection against deadly smallpox came vaccination and the end of smallpox as a scourge in the western world.
We often reach an impasse in our thinking. We are looking at a problem and trying to solve it and it seems there is a dead end. It is on these occasions that we become tense, we feel pressured, overwhelmed, in a state of stress. We struggle vainly, fighting to solve the problem.
Dr. Jenner, however, did something about this situation. He stopped fighting the problem and simply changed his point of view—from his patients to dairy maids. Picture the process going something like this: Suppose the brain is a computer. This computer has absorbed into its memory bank all your history, your experiences, your training, your information received through life; and it is programmed according to all this data. To change your point of view, you must reprogramme your computer, thus freeing yourself to take in new ideas and develop new ways of looking at things. Dr. Jenner, in effect, by reprogramming his computer, erased the old way of looking at his smallpox problem and was free to receive new alternatives.
That's all very well, you may say, but how do we actually do that?
Doctor and philosopher Edward de Bono has come up with a technique for changing our point of view, and he calls it Lateral Thinking.
The normal Western approach to a problem is to fight it. The saying, "When the going gets tough, the tough get going," is typical of this aggressive attitude toward problem-solving. No matter what the problem is, or the techniques available for solving it, the framework produced by our Western way of thinking is fight. Dr. de Bono calls this vertical thinking; the traditional, sequential, Aristotelian thinking of logic, moving firmly from one step to the next, like toy blocks being built one on top of the other. The flaw is, of course, that if at any point one of the steps is not reached, or one of the toy blocks is incorrectly placed, then the whole structure collapses. Impasse is reached, and frustration, tension, feelings of fight take over.
Lateral thinking, Dr. de Bono says, is a new technique of thinking about things—a technique that avoids this fight altogether, and solves the problem in an entirely unexpected fashion.
In one of Sherlock Holmes's cases, his assistant, Dr. Watson, pointed out that a certain dog was of no importance to the case because it did not appear to have done anything. Sherlock Holmes took the opposite point of view and maintained that the fact the dog had done nothing was of the utmost significance, for it should have been expected to do something, and on this basic he solved the case.
Lateral thinking sounds simple. And it is. Once you have solved a problem laterally, you wonder how you could ever have been hung up on it. The key is making that vital shift in emphasis, that sidestepping of the problem, instead of attacking it head-on.
Dr. A. A. Bridger, psychiatrist at Columbia University and in private practice in New York, explains how lateral thinking works with his patients. "Many people come to me wanting to stop smoking, for instance," he says. "Most people fail when they are trying to stop smoking because they wind up telling themselves, 'No, I will not smoke; no, 1 shall not smoke; no, I will not; no, I cannot...' It's a fight and what happens is you end up smoking more."
"So instead of looking at the problem from the old ways of no, and fighting it, I show them a whole new point of view—that you are your body's keeper, and your body is something through which you experience life. If you stop to think about it, there's really something helpless about your body. It can do nothing for itself. It has no choice, it is like a baby's body. You begin then a whole new way of looking at it—‘I am now going to take care of myself, and give myself some respect and protection, by not smoking.'
“There is a Japanese parable about a donkey tied to a pole by a rope. The rope rubs tight against his neck. The more the donkey fights and pulls on the rope, the tighter and tighter it gets around his throat—until he winds up dead. On the other hand, as soon as he stops fighting, he finds that the rope gets slack, he can walk around, maybe find some grass to eat...That's the same principle: The more you fight something the more anxious you become—the more you're involved in a bad pattern, the more difficult it is to escape pain.
"Lateral thinking," Dr. Bridger goes on, "is simply approaching a problem with what I would call an Eastern flanking maneuver. You know, when a zen archer wants to hit the target with a bow and arrow, he doesn't concentrate on the target, he concentrates rather on what he has in his hands, so when he lets the arrow go, his focus is on the arrow, rather than the target. This is what an Eastern flanking maneuver implies—instead of approaching the target directly, you approach it from a sideways point of view—or laterally instead of vertically."
"I think the answer lies in that direction," affirms Dr. Bridger. "Take the situation where someone is in a crisis. The Chinese word for crisis is divided into two characters, one meaning danger and the other meaning opportunity. We in the Western world focus only upon the ‘danger' aspect of crisis. Crisis in Western civilization has come to mean danger, period. And yet the word can also mean opportunity. Let us now suggest to the person in crisis that he cease concentrating so upon the dangers involved and the difficulties, and concentrate instead upon the opportunity—for there is always opportunity in crisis. Looking at a crisis from an opportunity point of view is a lateral thought."
New Words
smallpox
n. a highly contagious disease causing spots which leave marks on the skin 天花
impasse
n. a position from which progress is impossible; deadlock 僵局;死胡同
tactics
n. a method or process of carrying out a scheme or achieving some end 戰(zhàn)術;策略
dairymaid
n. a girl or woman who works in a dairy 牛奶場女工
dairy
n. 1. place where milk is kept and milk products are made 牛奶場;奶品場
2. shop where milk, butter, etc. are sold 乳品店
cowpox
n. a disease of cows, of which the virus was formerly used in vaccination against smallpox 牛痘
vaccination
n. 接種疫苗
scourge
n. thing or person that causes great trouble or misfortune 苦難的根源;災難;禍害
dead end
n. a point beyond which progress or achievement is impossible; a street or passage closed at one end 僵局;死巷，死胡同
vainly
ad. uselessly; in vain 枉然地;徒勞地
vain
a. 1. having too high an opinion of one's looks, abilities, etc.; conceited 自視甚高的;自負的
2. useless or futile 無用的，無益的，無效的;徒勞的
erase
vt. rub out; remove all traces of 擦掉;抹去
lateral
a. of, at, towards, or from the side or sides 橫向的;側面的;向側面的
laterally
ad. in a lateral direction, sideways 橫向地;側面地;旁邊地
lateral thinking
橫向思維，水平思考
going
n. 1. the condition of the ground for walking, driving or riding 地面狀況
2. condition of progress 進行情況;進展
framework
n. 1. set of principles or ideas used as a basis for one's judgement, decisions, etc. 參照標準;準則;觀點
2. structure giving shape and support 框架，結構
vertical
a. straight up and down; at right angles to a horizontal plane 縱向的`;垂直的
vertically
ad. in a vertical direction 垂直地
sequential
a. of, forming, or following in (a) sequence 相繼的;連續(xù)的
flaw
n. a defect; fault; error 瑕疵;缺點
structure
n. sth. built; anything composed of parts arranged together; way in which sth. is put together, organized, built, etc. 結構;建筑物;構造物
utmost
a. greatest; highest 極度的;極高的
significance
n. importance; meaning 重要性;意義，含義
sidestep
v. step aside; avoid by stepping aside 橫跨一步避開;回避
head-on
ad. in a direct manner; with the head or front first 正面地;迎頭向前地
parable
n. a brief story used to teach some moral lesson or truth 寓言
donkey
n. 驢
slack
a. not tight or firm; loose 不緊的;松弛的
flank
v. be located at the side (of); attack the side (of) 位于側面;攻擊側面
man(o)euver
n. a planned movement of troops or warships; a skillful move or clever trick 部隊等的調(diào)遣;巧計;策略
flanking maneuve
n. 側攻策略
zen
n. a japanese form of Buddhism, emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition 禪;禪宗
archer
n. a person who shoots with a bow and arrows 弓箭手
bow
n. 弓
imply
vt. express indirectly; suggest 暗示;意味著
sideways
a. to or from a side 旁邊的;向側面的
affirm
vt. declare to be true; say firmly 斷言;肯定
period
int.(美口)(常用于敘述事實或看法后表示強調(diào))就是這話;就是這么回事
cease
vt. put an end to; stop 終止;停止
Phrases and EXpressions
take in
receive; absorb 接受;接納;吸收
in effect
in reality 實際上
take over
take control in place of sth. else 取而代之;取得主導地位
be hung up on/about
be thinking or worrying too much about 因…而煩心;因…而心神不寧
wind up
(infml.) bring or come to an end; end in a specified state or circumstance (口)(使)結束;以…告終
end up
wind up; come out 結束;結果是
pull on
draw (one end of sth. long) continuously and with force 用力拉(某長形物之一端)
Proper Names
Caroline Seebohm
卡羅琳·西博姆
Edward Jenner
愛德華·詹納(1749 — 1823，英國醫(yī)生，發(fā)現(xiàn)牛痘對天花有免疫力，1796年試驗牛痘接種成功)
Edward de Bono
愛德華·德·博諾(1933 —，美國哲學家)
Aristotelian
(古希臘哲學家和科學家)亞里士多德(式)的.
Sherlock Holmes
歇洛克·福爾摩斯(英國作家 A. Conan Doyle 所著系列偵探小說中的虛構主人公，一位推理能力極強的私家大偵探)
Watson
華生(福爾摩斯的助手)
A.A.Bridger
A·A·布里杰
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