對外漢語學(xué)習(xí)：潛規(guī)則
導(dǎo)語：“潛規(guī)則”是相對于“元規(guī)則” 、“明規(guī)則”而言的。下面YJBYS小編對外講解有關(guān)潛規(guī)則的知識(shí)，歡迎參考!
qián guī zé
潛規(guī)則
tacit rule, under-the-table practice
概念：
“Qián guīzé” shì xiāngduì yú “yuán guīzé”,“míng guīzé” ér yán de. Tā shì zhǐ kàn bùjiàn de, míngwén méiyǒu guīdìng de, yuēdìngsúchéng de, wú júxiàn xìng, què yòu shì guǎngfàn rèntóng, shíjì qǐ zuòyòng de, rénmen bìxū “zūnxún” de yī zhǒng guīzé, qí kě míbǔ míng guīzé bùzú zhī chù, hélǐ zhī chù yīngdāng yǔyǐ hóngyáng, bù hélǐ zhī chù jí yīng èshā yú yáolán zhī zhōng.
“潛規(guī)則”是相對于“元規(guī)則” 、“明規(guī)則”而言的。它是指看不見的、明文沒有規(guī)定的，約定俗成的，無局限性，卻又是廣泛認(rèn)同、實(shí)際起作用的`，人們必須“遵循”的一種規(guī)則，其可彌補(bǔ)明規(guī)則不足之處，合理之處應(yīng)當(dāng)予以弘揚(yáng)，不合理之處即應(yīng)扼殺于搖籃之中。
"Unspoken rules" are relative to the "rules of the yuan", "rules" in terms of. It is invisible, expressly does not specify, convention, no limitations, but it is widely recognized, the actual role, people must "follow" a rule, which can make up for the lack of rules, reasonable Should be carried forward, unreasonable that should be killed in the cradle.
Tèdiǎn特點(diǎn)：
qián guīzé shì rénmen sīxià rènkě de xíngwéi yuēshù.
Zhè zhǒng xíngwéi yuēshù, yījù dāngshìrén shuāngfāng (gè fāng) gěi duìfāng dài lái lìyì huòzhě gěi duìfāng dài lái de shānghài nénglì, zài shèhuì xíngwéi zhǔtǐ de hùdòng zhōng zìfā xíngchéng, kěyǐ shǐ hùdòng gè fāng de chōngtú jiǎnshǎo, jiàngdī jiāoyì chéngběn.
Suǒwèi yuēshù jiùshì xíngwéi yuèjiè bì jiāng zhāozhì bàofù, duì zhè zhǒng lìhài hòuguǒ de gòngshì, qiánghuàle hùdòng gè fāng duì bǐcǐ xíngwéi de yùqí de wěndìng xìng.
Mǒu xiē zài shíjì shang dédào zūncóng de guījǔ, bèilíle zhèngyì guānniàn huò zhèngshì zhìdù guīdìng, qīnfànle zhǔliú yìshí xíngtài huò zhèngshì zhìdù suǒ wéihù de lìyì, yīncǐ bùdé bù yǐ yǐnbì de xíngshì cúnzài, dāngshìrén duì yǐnbì xíngshì běnshēn yěyǒu míngquè de rènkě.
Tōngguò zhè zhǒng yǐnbì, dāngshìrén jiāng zhèngshì guīzé de dàibiǎo píngbì yú júbù hùdòng zhī wài, huòzhě, jiāng dàibiǎo lā rù sīxià jiāoyì zhī zhōng, píngjiè zhè zhǒng sīxià de guīzé tìhuàn, huòqǔ zhèngshì guīzé suǒ bùnéng tígōng de lìyì.
Zài qián guīzé de shēngchéng guòchéng zhōng, dāngshìrén bìng bù zhǐshì jiāoyì de liǎng fāng, ér yīng jiā shàng dàibiǎo zhèngshì guīzé de dì sānfāng. Dāng shì shuāngfāng lìyòng qián guīzé jìnxíng sīxià jiāoyì de shíhòu, tāmen shíjì shang liánhé xíngchéngle yīgè duìkàng dì sānfāng zhèngshì dàibiǎo de liánméng (zhèngshì zhòngduō de ér qiángdà liánméng de xíngchéng, cái shǐdé qián guīzé jùyǒu chángqí de, qiángdà de shènzhì wěndìng de duìkàng nénglì.). Ér qián guīzé de “qián” běnshēn jiùshì yī zhǒng shēngcún cèlüè, tóngyàng yě biǎomíngliǎo gèng gāo céngcì de zhèng shì zhìdù hé guīzé de cúnzài.
特點(diǎn)
潛規(guī)則是人們私下認(rèn)可的行為約束。
這種行為約束，依據(jù)當(dāng)事人雙方(各方)給對方帶來利益或者給對方帶來的傷害能力，在社會(huì)行為主體的互動(dòng)中自發(fā)形成，可以使互動(dòng)各方的沖突減少，降低交易成本。
所謂約束就是行為越界必將招致報(bào)復(fù)，對這種厲害后果的共識(shí)，強(qiáng)化了互動(dòng)各方對彼此行為的預(yù)期的穩(wěn)定性。
某些在實(shí)際上得到遵從的規(guī)矩，背離了正義觀念或正式制度規(guī)定，侵犯了主流意識(shí)形態(tài)或正式制度所維護(hù)的利益，因此不得不以隱蔽的形式存在，當(dāng)事人對隱蔽形式本身也有明確的認(rèn)可。
通過這種隱蔽，當(dāng)事人將正式規(guī)則的代表屏蔽于局部互動(dòng)之外，或者，將代表拉入私下交易之中，憑借這種私下的規(guī)則替換，獲取正式規(guī)則所不能提供的利益。
在潛規(guī)則的生成過程中，當(dāng)事人并不只是交易的兩方，而應(yīng)加上代表正式規(guī)則的第三方。當(dāng)事雙方利用潛規(guī)則進(jìn)行私下交易的時(shí)候，他們實(shí)際上聯(lián)合形成了一個(gè)對抗第三方正式代表的聯(lián)盟(正是眾多的而強(qiáng)大聯(lián)盟的形成，才使得潛規(guī)則具有長期的、強(qiáng)大的甚至穩(wěn)定的對抗能力。)。而潛規(guī)則的“潛”本身就是一種生存策略，同樣也表明了更高層次的正式制度和規(guī)則的存在。
Feature
The unspoken rules are the behavioral constraints that are privately recognized.
This behavioral constraint, according to the parties (parties) to the other side to bring benefits to each other or to the other side of the damage, in the interaction of social actors in the spontaneous formation, can reduce the conflict between the parties to reduce transaction costs.
The so-called constraint is the behavior of the cross-border will lead to revenge, the consensus of this powerful consequences, to strengthen the interaction of the parties to each other's expected stability.
Some of the rules that are actually obeyed depart from the notion of justice or formal system, violating the interests of the mainstream ideology or formal system, and therefore have to exist in a hidden form, and the parties have a clear recognition of the hidden form itself The
Through this concealment, the parties shield the representatives of the formal rules from local interactions, or, in the case of private transactions, by virtue of such private rules, to obtain the benefits that formal rules can not provide.
In the process of generating the unspoken rules, the parties are not just the parties to the transaction, but should add a third party that represents the formal rules. When the parties use the unspoken rules for private transactions, they actually form a union against the official representative of the third party (it is the formation of a large number of powerful coalition, which makes the unspoken rules of long-term, strong and even stable Ability to fight. The "latent" of the unspoken rules is itself a survival strategy, and it also shows the existence of higher formal systems and rules.
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