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英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
導(dǎo)語(yǔ)：有人說(shuō)掌握好了動(dòng)詞就相當(dāng)于掌握了一般的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)，那么與其相關(guān)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)也是很重要的，希望整理的這個(gè)對(duì)大家有幫助。
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)
1)下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的'一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)，主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開(kāi)。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什么時(shí)候開(kāi)?十分鐘后。
2)以here, there等開(kāi)始的倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來(lái)了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。
3)在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如：
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比爾來(lái)后，讓他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就寫信給你。
4)在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語(yǔ)從句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開(kāi)心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開(kāi)房間前，務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。
用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)
下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎?
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have (has) +過(guò)去分詞。
比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了)
I have seen this film. (強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng))
He has been in the League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
He has been a League member for three years. (是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))
句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。
(錯(cuò))Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(對(duì))Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的`從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問(wèn)這城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。
過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1) 概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。
那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過(guò)巴黎。
b. 狀語(yǔ)從句
在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的`兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達(dá)時(shí)，小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕?/p>
c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時(shí)我們希望你能來(lái)，但是你沒(méi)有來(lái)。
3) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他說(shuō)過(guò)他以前學(xué)過(guò)一些英語(yǔ)。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛(ài)迪生開(kāi)始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了，因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí)，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。
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