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考研英語閱讀理解模擬題

時間:2023-03-08 13:37:28 英語閱讀 我要投稿

考研英語閱讀理解模擬題

  句子太長也會對閱讀造成致命的傷害。這就要求同學們在日常學習英語的過程中,注意長難句的分析,記住一些固定的搭配,熟悉掌握句子結(jié)構(gòu)。下面是小編給大家準備的考研英語的閱讀理解的模擬題以及答案解析,一起來看一下吧!

考研英語閱讀理解模擬題

  第一篇:

  To paraphrase18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is neededfor the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing!監(jiān)ne suchcause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animalshave rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respondforcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the publicand thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of theanimal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on publicfunding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearingallegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed thatanyone would deliberately harm an animal。

  For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights boothat a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers notto use anything that comes from or is animals—no meat , no fur, nomedicines, Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccinescome from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I wouldhave to say yes! Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “ Don’t worry,scientists will find some way of using computers! Such well-meaningpeople just don't understand。

  Scientists must communicate their message to the public in acompassionate, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need tomake clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hipreplacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even apet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed toproduce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animalresearch seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst。

  Much can be done. Scientists could“adopt”middleschool classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respondto letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged andacquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be openedto tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, becausethe ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community shouldactively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as StephenCooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is areal possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the preciousembers of medical progress。

  31. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to

  [A] call on scientists to take some actions。

  [B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights。

  [C] warn of the doom of biomedical research。

  [D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement。

  32. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is

  [A] cruel but natural。

  [B] inhuman and unacceptable。

  [C] inevitable but vicious。

  [D] pointless and wasteful。

  33. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show thepublic’s

  [A] discontent with animal research。

  [B] ignorance about medical science。

  [C] indifference to epidemics。

  [D] anxiety about animal rights。

  34. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animalrights advocates, scientists should

  [A] communicate more with the public。

  [B] employ hi-tech means in research。

  [C] feel no shame for their cause。

  [D] strive to develop new cures。

  35. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is

  [A] a well-known humanist。

  [B] a medical practitioner。

  [C] an enthusiast in animal rights。

  [D] a supporter of animal research。

  第二篇:

  Over the pastcentury, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or madeillegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, forthose as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination againstthose whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet。

  It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a bigadvantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phonedirectories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life overZo? Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of thealphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginningwith letters between A and K。

  Thus the American president and vice-president have surnamesstarting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’spredecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of thealphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of theseven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabeticallyadvantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi).The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) areall close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanesecharacters. As are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht)。

  Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all thespare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets inearly. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupilsalphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. Soshort-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked theimproving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time thealphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet theresult may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention,as well as less confidence in speaking publicly。

  The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, theABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans mostpeople are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, electionballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawnup alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough throughthem。

  26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars andZodiac cars?

  [A] A kind of overlooked inequality。

  [B] A type of conspicuous bias。

  [C] A type of personal prejudice。

  [D] A kind of brand discrimination。

  27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?

  [A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.

  [B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman.

  [C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names。

  [D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize。

  28. The 4th paragraph suggests that

  [A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students。

  [B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class.

  [C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students.

  [D] students should be seated according to their eyesight。

  29. What does the author mean by “most people areliterally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?

  [A] They are getting impatient。

  [B] They are noisily dozing off。

  [C] They are feeling humiliated。

  [D] They are busy with word puzzles。

  30. Which of the following is true according to the text?

  [A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are oftenill-treated。

  [B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism。

  [C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way togo。

  [D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias。

  答案解析請見第二頁:

  >>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<

  第一篇:

  31. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to

  作者在開篇引用EdmundBurke的話是為了

  [A] call on scientists to take some actions. 呼吁科學家采取行動。

  [B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights. 批評被誤導的動物權(quán)利事業(yè)。

  [C] warn of the doom of biomedical research. 警告生物醫(yī)學研究的厄運。

  [D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement. 展示動物權(quán)利運動的勝利。

  【答案】 A

  【考點】 作者意圖題。

  【分析】 從第一段我們可以看到EdmundBurke所說的話的意思就是“一個被誤導的事業(yè)如果要成功,它唯一需要的是好人無所作為”。然后作者緊接著寫道“現(xiàn)在就有這樣的一個事業(yè):動物權(quán)利保護,他們試圖阻止生物醫(yī)學使用動物”。隨后出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵句“科學家們需要采取行動回應這些鼓吹者”。這實際上就是一個呼吁,所以答案應該是[A]。

  32. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is

  被誤導的人通常會認為使用動物進行研究是

  [A] cruel but natural. 殘忍但是很普通的。

  [B] inhuman and unacceptable. 不人道而且難以接受的。

  [C] inevitable but vicious. 不可避免但是邪惡的。

  [D] pointless and wasteful. 無意義而且是浪費的。

  【答案】 B

  【考點】 推斷題。

  【分析】 特征詞匯“tend tothink”很明確告訴我們出題人想考查考生能否推斷出受誤導的人們是怎樣看待用動物做試驗的。因為文中并沒有直接給出答案,這樣的題目的解題關(guān)鍵是尋找和題干有關(guān)的信息,然后通過推理連接起來這些可能是分散的信息。本題題干中的一個關(guān)鍵詞組是“misled people”,首先需要定位,看看“misled people”都有什么看法,然后再做判斷。第一段最后一句說“當人們聽到醫(yī)學實驗殘忍對待動物的指控時,許多人都不明白為什么有人會故意傷害動物”。第二段是一個具體的被誤導的祖母般的女士的例子,但是文中只是說她反對用動物來做研究。第三段最后一句非常關(guān)鍵:“對于他們來說,動物實驗說得好是浪費,說得不好是殘忍”。從以上的分析可以看出,受到誤導的人們認為用動物做研究是殘酷的、不可思議的。四個選項中,[B]最符合原文。[A]中雖然提到了“cruel”,但是“natural”不對,因為被誤導的人們不可能認為那是普通的事情。[C]說的是“不可避免的,但是邪惡的”,也不正確,因為文章中沒有提到不可避免這個說法。[D]項說的是“毫無意義,浪費的”,文中沒有提到毫無意義這個意思。

  33. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show thepublic’s

  老太太的例子被用來說明公眾

  [A] discontent with animal research. 對動物研究的不滿。

  [B] ignorance about medical science. 對醫(yī)學的無知。

  [C] indifference to epidemics. 對流行病的冷漠。

  [D] anxiety about animal rights. 對動物權(quán)益的憂慮。

  【答案】 B

  【考點】 作者意圖題。

  【分析】 這個例子說的是一位老太太向大家散發(fā)傳單,號召大家不要用任何來自于動物或在動物身上試驗過的東西。當問及是否反對使用疫苗時,老太大說,若疫苗也來源于動物,那么就不應使用疫苗,流行病自有科學家們用計算機來解決?梢娎咸珜茖W的無知。而她的這種無知是很普遍的。作者在第二段最后一句話感嘆“這些好心人壓根兒就不明白”,所以答案為[B]。[A]說的是公眾對動物試驗的不滿。但是,老太太的例子不僅僅是為了說明這一點。這個論據(jù)反映的是什么論點呢?從全文來看,作者的目的不是為了寫公眾有多憤怒,而在于指出公眾不滿的根源——對醫(yī)學研究不了解,然后呼喚科學家們針對這個根源采取行動。所以老太太的例子反映的是公眾的無知。

  34. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animalrights advocates, scientists should作者認為,科學家在面臨動物權(quán)利保護鼓吹者的挑戰(zhàn)時,應該

  [A] communicate more with the public. 更多地與公眾交流。

  [B] employ hi-tech means in research. 在研究中采用高科技手段。

  [C] feel no shame for their cause. 對自己的事業(yè)不感到羞恥。

  [D] strive to develop new cures. 努力開發(fā)新的治療方法。

  【答案】 A

  【考點】 作者態(tài)度題。

  【分析】 在解答這類題目的時候,考生應該按照題干關(guān)鍵詞去尋找答案線索可能的所在地。本題關(guān)鍵詞“challenge from animal rights advocates”,以及“scientistsshould”,解題線索可在最后兩段中找出。作者向科學家們提出的建議都是有助于他們與公眾更好的交流。答案很明顯,是[A]。選項[B]、[C]、[D]貌似合理,其實文中都沒有提到。

  35. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is

  從本文中我們得知StephenCooper是一位

  [A] a well-known humanist. 著名的人道主義者。

  [B] a medical practitioner. 醫(yī)療從業(yè)人員。

  [C] an enthusiast in animal rights. 動物權(quán)力的狂熱者。

  [D] a supporter of animal research. 動物研究的支持者。

  【答案】 D

  【考點】 推斷題。

  【分析】 首先根據(jù)“StephenCooper”定位到最后一段,我們可以找到線索“Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients... StephenCooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research.。.”。從這句話中,我們知道“Cooper”是個名人,也是病患者,他曾經(jīng)高度贊揚過動物研究的價值。所以,我們可以推斷出他是支持動物研究的。正確答案是選項[D]。

  難句解析:

  1. All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is thatgood people do nothing。

  【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主句結(jié)構(gòu)是“all… is that…”。“all”的后邊接了一個“that”引導的定語從句。第二個“that”引導的是表語從句。這句話的意思理解也有難度,尤其是放在第一句,很多人由于沒有能夠讀懂這一句的意思從而影響了后面的理解!癿isguided”的意思是“被誤導的”。

  2. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates,whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances inhealth knowledge and care.

  【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】句子的主干是“Scientists need to respond to animal rights advocates”,“whose”引導一個定語從句,指代“animalrights advocates”!癮re confusing”和“(are)threatening”是并列的謂語。單詞“thereby”的意思是“因此,從而, 在那方面”。

  3. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rightsbooth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouragedreaders not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, nofur, no medicines。

  【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】句子的主句是“a woman was distributing a brochure”!皊taffing”是現(xiàn)在分詞做后置定語;“brochure”后邊的“that”引導一個定語從句,修飾“brochure”!癮nything”后邊的“that”也接一個定語從句,限定修飾“anything”!皊taff”在此句中作動詞使用,“staff”在用作名詞的時候表示“員工,職員”,但是在用作動詞的時候,就表示“充當職員”!癰ooth”實際上指的就是“攤位”或“攤棚”,“fair”就是一次“展銷會”或者“集市”。

  4. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed toproduce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animalresearch seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst。

  【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主句結(jié)構(gòu)是“animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst”!癮s well as newtreatments and vaccines”此部分是一個狀語。“those”的后邊跟了一個“who”引導的定語從句!癮t best”的意思是“最好的情況下”,“at worst”的意思是“最壞的情況下”。

  全文翻譯:

  18世紀政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾說過類似這樣的話,“一個被誤導的事業(yè)如果要成功,它唯一需要的是好人無所作為”,F(xiàn)在就有這樣的一個事業(yè),正在尋求終止生物醫(yī)學的研究,因為它們的一種理論說,動物有禁止自己被用于實驗的權(quán)利?茖W家應該強有力的回應動物權(quán)利鼓吹者,因為他們的言論混淆了公眾視聽,從而威脅到衛(wèi)生知識和衛(wèi)生保健的進步。動物權(quán)利運動的領(lǐng)導者將矛頭指向生物醫(yī)學研究,原因在于生物醫(yī)學研究依賴公共資金的資助,并且很少有人懂得醫(yī)學研究的過程。當人們聽到醫(yī)學實驗虐待動物的指控時,許多人都很困惑為什么有人會故意傷害動物。

  例如,在近期的一次集市上,一位老奶奶為動物權(quán)利宣傳點散發(fā)小冊子。規(guī)勸人們不要使用動物制品和動物實驗制品——肉類,毛皮,藥物。當她被問到是否反對免疫接種時,她問疫苗是否來自動物實驗。當被告知的確如此,她回答道,“那么我不得不說,是的,我反對接種”。當被問到瘟疫發(fā)生怎么辦時,她說,“不用擔心,科學家會找到一種方法,用計算機來解決問題”?矗@樣好心的人根本就不明白為什么做生物醫(yī)學研究。

  科學家必須把他們的意思傳達給公眾,并且要有感情的和使用通俗易懂的語言,也就是說,要使用一般人能夠明白的語言,而不要使用分子生物學的術(shù)語。我們需要說明動物研究與祖母的髖骨置換術(shù)、父親的心臟搭橋手術(shù)、嬰兒的免疫接種、甚至寵物的針劑注射之間都密切相關(guān)。對于那些不知道需要動物研究來做這些治療以及進行新的治療和研究新的疫苗的人來說,動物實驗說得好是浪費,說得不好是殘忍。

  有很多事情可以做。科學家可以進入中學課堂,展示他們的實驗結(jié)果。他們應該對報刊的讀者來信及時做出反應,以防止動物權(quán)利的誤導言論在毫無質(zhì)疑的情況下橫行,從而獲得一副真理的面容?蒲袡C構(gòu)應該對外開放,讓人參觀,向人們展示實驗室里的動物獲得了人道的照顧。最后,因為最終決定因素是病人,醫(yī)療研究機構(gòu)不僅應該積極爭取斯蒂芬·庫柏這樣的名人的支持——他對動物實驗的價值勇敢地進行了肯定——而且應該爭取所有接受治療的病人的支持。如果好人無所作為,一群不明真相的公眾真的有可能撲滅醫(yī)學進步的寶貴火種。

  第二篇:

  26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars andZodiac cars?

  作者用“AAAA汽車”和“Zodiac汽車”來例證什么?

  [A] A kind of overlooked inequality. 某種被忽視的不平等。

  [B] A type of conspicuous bias. 某種顯而易見的偏見。

  [C] A type of personal prejudice. 某種個人的偏見。

  [D] A kind of brand discrimination. 某種品牌上的歧視。

  【答案】 A

  【考點】 判斷題。

  【分析】 本題考查作者的寫作意圖,即作者用這兩個例子試圖來證明什么問題。通常人們只有在需要證明某個方面的問題時才會引用例子,那么作者用這兩個例子究竟是為了說明什么問題呢?其實考生在讀完第一段之后就應該比較清楚作者的意圖了,即他正在試圖證明按字母排序這一隱蔽的不公平現(xiàn)象。[B]“某種顯而易見的偏見”錯在“顯而易見”。[C]“某種個人的偏見”錯在“個人”。[D]“某種品牌上的歧視”是故意在偷換概念,舉這兩個例子不是為了說明哪一個品牌好,而是為了證明字母順序主義的存在與危害。

  27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?

  從文章前三段,我們可以推斷出什么?

  [A] In both East and West, names are essential to success。

  在東方和西方,名字對于成功來說都是至關(guān)重要的。

  [B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman.

  Zo.Zysman的失敗應該歸咎于字母表。

  [C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names。

  顧客通常很注重公司的名字。。

  [D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize。

  某種歧視過于微妙以至于難以被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。

  【答案】 D

  【考點】 文章結(jié)構(gòu)與舉例說明題。

  【分析】 考生只有通讀作者要求的這三段,才能夠得出正確結(jié)論。第一段提出“字母順序主義”這一說法,第二段舉例說明這種現(xiàn)象在生活中的表現(xiàn),第三段舉例說明“字母順序主義”在名人身上的體現(xiàn)。在上題中說過,舉例都是為了證明某個觀點,也就是說,第二和第三段都是為了證明第一段提出的論點。從幾個關(guān)鍵的單詞、詞組“insidious”,“unaware”以及“l(fā)ess well known”我們可以推斷出正確選項[D]“某種歧視過于微妙以至于難以被人發(fā)現(xiàn)!薄_x項[A]顯得過于絕對。將某一個人或者某一類人的失敗全部歸咎于字母是有失偏頗的,文章中只是說,由于名字靠后,有一些學生可能容易被老師忽視,從而導致學習的失敗,但是這不能說明都是字母的責任,而且這一點已經(jīng)不在前三段了。選項[C]這一說法也是以偏概全,文中只是說顧客容易受到字母排序的影響從而注意到排名靠前的出租車公司而已。

  28. The 4th paragraph suggests that 第四段暗示

  [A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students。

  更加聰明的學生經(jīng)常被提問。

  [B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class。

  姓氏在字母排序中處于劣勢的學生經(jīng)常逃課。

  [C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students。

  老師應該關(guān)注所有的學生。

  [D] students should be seated according to their eyesight。

  學生應該按照視力的好壞來排座位。

  【答案】 C

  【考點】 推斷題。

  【分析】 文章中沒有直接給出一個答案,考生必須自己通過透徹的理解原文才能得出結(jié)論。第四段認為“這不是巧合,按字母表順序排名靠后而吃虧的人在業(yè)余時間憑空想出一種理論認為這種倒霉事兒很早就開始了。在幼兒學校第一年之始,老師為了較為容易記住學生的名字,就按字母表順序由前往后給學生排座位。因此近視的小Zysman就被安排在了后排,這樣一來,粗心的教師提出的有助于提高的問題就很少會問到他。這時,按字母表順序排名靠后的學生還認為他們能逃避老師的問題很幸運。然而,結(jié)果可能就是成績欠佳,因為這種學生得到的個人關(guān)注較少,同時當眾講話時的信心也不足”。至此,作者再一次試圖論證其論點,即“按照字母排序是隱蔽的不平等”。而且這還導致了學生不能夠得到公平的教育機會,也就是在說,老師們該關(guān)注關(guān)注那些按字母排序吃虧的人了,因此選項[C]比較符合文意。[D]是一種貌似正確實際上以偏概全的說法,沒有達到作者想要表達的高度,是一種比較膚淺的表象的看法,有些考生沒有仔細精讀原文,就可能受其影響。

  29. What does the author mean by “most people areliterally having a ZZZ”(Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?

  “most people are literally having a ZZZ”(第五段第二、三行)是什么意思?

  [A] They are getting impatient. 他們急不可耐。

  [B] They are noisily dozing off. 他們鼾聲大作。

  [C] They are feeling humiliated. 他們感覺受到了屈辱。

  [D] They are busy with word puzzles. 他們忙于拼字游戲。。

  【答案】 B

  【考點】 推斷題。

  【分析】 看第五段“這種羞辱繼續(xù)著。在大學的畢業(yè)典禮上,姓名首字母是A、B、C的學生驕傲地首先領(lǐng)到獎品;等輪到Zysman們領(lǐng)獎品的時候,大多數(shù)人差不多都在‘ZZZ’了”。在西方漫畫中,“ZZZ”就是表示打鼾,這是考查考生平日的英語學習中是否對西方文化背景知識給予足夠的關(guān)注。

  30. Which of the following is true according to the text?

  根據(jù)本文,以下哪一種說法是正確的?

  [A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated。

  姓氏字母為N到Z的人經(jīng)常受到不公平的對待。

  [B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism。

  西方世界的重要人士從字母順序主義中獲益頗豐。

  [C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go。

  消除字母順序主義的運動仍然任重而道遠。

  [D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias。

  凡是按照字母排序把事物排列的做法可能會導致無意識的偏見。

  【答案】 D

  【考點】 事實細節(jié)題。

  【分析】 本題考查的是事實細節(jié),而且選項跨度很大,只有在通篇閱讀本文并且取得深刻認識之后,我們才有可能完全答對本道題目。選項[A]這一說法的問題出在作者提到“A-K”,而不是到“M”,而且“ill-treated”這個單詞有點過了,因為字母順序主義導致的不公平與主觀的虐待還是有很大區(qū)別的。選項[B]這一說法的問題出在程度的限定上。文章中提到許多杰出人士在字母排序中靠前,但是這只能夠說這些人相比字母靠后的人可能更容易成功,而且西方世界的重要人士這個主語太大了,它也包括字母靠后的那些重要人士,而且用“gain a great deal”都顯得過于夸張。[C]這個說法與作者的意圖不同,作者只是在論證字母順序主義這樣一種不平等現(xiàn)象,但是并沒有提出要消除字母順序主義。只有選項[D]還比較合理,來自于首段的第二、三句。

  難句解析:

  1. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers todiscrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lowerhalf of the alphabet。

  【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】該句子的主句是“this refers to discrimination”。主語“this”和謂語“refersto”之間插入了介賓短語“for those”作狀語,“those”后跟著形容詞短語“unaware of…”作其定語,賓語“discrimination”后跟介賓短語“against those…”作定語,“those”后又有“whose”引導的定語從句來修飾。

  2. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnamesstarting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’spredecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of thealphabet against just 16 in the second half。

  【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】“and”將本句分為兩個并列分句,第一個分句即“American president and vice-president have surnames”,第二個分句是“26of…h(huán)ad surnames”。第一個分句的賓語“surnames”后是現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)“starting with”作定語;第二個分句賓語緊跟的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)“in the first half of the alphabet”作定語。

  全文翻譯:

  在過去的一個世紀里各種各樣的不公和歧視遭到了譴責或定為非法。但是有一種隱蔽的不公和歧視形式還在盛行:字母順序主義。對于尚未意識到其危害的人來說,它指的是針對那些姓氏起始字母位于字母表后半部的人的歧視。

  人們早已知道在客戶翻閱電話簿時,名叫AAAA的出租汽車公司要比Zodiac出租汽車公司有很大的優(yōu)越性。至于在生活方面,一個名叫Adam Abbott的人較之一個名為Zo? Zysman的人占了多大的優(yōu)勢就不那么為人所知了。英語的姓名雖然在字母表的前后兩部分的分布相當平均,但杰出人物的姓名的首字母在A與K之間的卻多得可疑。

  如此這般,美國的總統(tǒng)和副總統(tǒng)的姓氏分別是以B和C字母起頭。喬治·布什的前任有二十六位(包括其父)的姓氏均在字母表的前半部分,而姓氏在字母表后半部的卻僅有十六位。更加令人矚目的是七國首腦中有六位在其姓氏按字母表順序排名時靠前(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,Chrétien,Koizumi)。世界三大中央銀行家(Greenspan,Duisenberg,Hayami)的姓氏首字母全都接近字母表的上端,三人之中有一人名字盡管用的是日文,也是如此。世界上最富有的前五位情況也是如此(Gates,Buffett,Allen,Ellison,Albrecht)。

  這僅僅是巧合嗎?按字母表順序排名靠后而吃虧的人在業(yè)余時間憑空想出一種理論,認為這種倒霉事兒很早就開始了。在幼兒學校第一年之始,老師為了較為容易記住學生的名字,就按字母表順序由前往后給學生排座位。因此近視的小Zysman就被安排在了后排,這樣一來,粗心的教師提出的有助于提高學生能力的問題就很少會問到他。這時,按字母表順序排名靠后的學生還認為他們能逃避老師的問題很幸運。然而,結(jié)果可能就是成績欠佳,因為這種學生得到的個人關(guān)注較少,同時當眾講話時的信心也不足。

  這種恥辱還在繼續(xù)著。在大學的畢業(yè)典禮上,姓名首字母是A、B、C的學生驕傲的首先領(lǐng)到獎品;等輪到Zysman們領(lǐng)獎品的時候,大多數(shù)人簡直都在鼾聲大作了。求職面試、選舉投票、會議發(fā)言或參加會議等諸多名單,也是按字母表順序排序,當人們費勁地向下查看時,興趣隨之索然。

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