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2018醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力技巧
醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力部分的話(huà)題都是與醫(yī)學(xué)相關(guān)的，涉及到的醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯也相對(duì)專(zhuān)業(yè)和復(fù)雜。醫(yī)學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯通常詞形較長(zhǎng)，音節(jié)較多，而我們接觸醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)時(shí)又處在大學(xué)高年級(jí)及研究生階段，對(duì)詞匯的把握已不再注重讀音訓(xùn)練，但是這并不意味著我們高級(jí)階段的醫(yī)學(xué)生可以忽視這種練習(xí)。
在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)習(xí)中，應(yīng)對(duì)照詞典音標(biāo)，有意識(shí)的培養(yǎng)自己對(duì)詞形長(zhǎng)、難記憶的醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯的辨音能力。例如：
◇Last summer I was working in Washington，D.C. as an intern at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.
◇I'm Dr.Hall，a dermatologist，and tonight I will be speaking about the effects ofstress on the skin.
◇In fluenza often strikes people who are overtired，stressed-out and not eating nutritious foods.
在閱讀中，有些專(zhuān)業(yè)醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯對(duì)于我們醫(yī)學(xué)考博的考生來(lái)說(shuō)并不生疏，但往往成為我們聽(tīng)力理解的障礙。我們平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)都有這樣的體會(huì)，能看懂的東西不一定能聽(tīng)懂，在大腦中沒(méi)有建立起相應(yīng)的聽(tīng)覺(jué)形象。所以考生在復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)要注意這類(lèi)詞匯的把握。這類(lèi)詞還有：
achromatopsia n.色盲
acne n.痤瘡，粉刺
ague n.瘧疾;寒戰(zhàn)
請(qǐng)考生據(jù)此，并結(jié)合個(gè)人的實(shí)際情況，注意將詞匯分類(lèi)總結(jié)，可參照“醫(yī)學(xué)博士英語(yǔ)統(tǒng)一考試詞匯表”進(jìn)行歸納復(fù)習(xí)。
比如我們可以這樣分類(lèi)總結(jié)：①常見(jiàn)疾病名稱(chēng)：measles麻疹;otitis耳炎;meningitis，腦(脊)膜炎;②醫(yī)院設(shè)施及設(shè)備、工具：gauze紗布;ward病房;③診療方案：percuss叩診;palpation觸診;tomography.斷層X(jué)線(xiàn)照相術(shù);④組織器官：waist腰，腰部;ventricle心室;retina視網(wǎng)膜;⑤醫(yī)學(xué)分科名稱(chēng)：microbiology微生物學(xué);orthopedics骨科學(xué)。
文本規(guī)律(語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn))
聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練的一個(gè)階段是聽(tīng)懂“語(yǔ)法”，也就是聽(tīng)者在長(zhǎng)期的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中對(duì)句子、篇章的結(jié)構(gòu)形成的印象。在聽(tīng)力測(cè)試時(shí)，這種印象會(huì)幫助我們預(yù)知下文可能出現(xiàn)的句式和情景邏輯。而這種能力的形成無(wú)疑要依賴(lài)于對(duì)句中和篇章中的過(guò)渡關(guān)聯(lián)詞的準(zhǔn)確把握。
英語(yǔ)是一種表音文字，其語(yǔ)音、構(gòu)詞或者造句都不同于漢語(yǔ)。學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)必須將感性認(rèn)識(shí)提高到理性認(rèn)識(shí)，并利用語(yǔ)言的規(guī)律性來(lái)指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)言的實(shí)踐。語(yǔ)法是語(yǔ)言的組織規(guī)律。掌握一定的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，對(duì)于正確理解語(yǔ)意，提高英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力水平大有好處。通�？床欢渥拥慕Y(jié)構(gòu)就無(wú)法了解句意，更不用說(shuō)聽(tīng)懂復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句了。沒(méi)有語(yǔ)意方面的知識(shí)，就無(wú)法意識(shí)到篇章內(nèi)的不同組成部分之間在意義上的聯(lián)系。
注意篇章中的關(guān)聯(lián)過(guò)渡詞，也就是把文章包含的幾個(gè)意群連接起來(lái)的詞或短語(yǔ)，用英文表示為"organization words"，比如：first，then，next，after that，and finally。章就是靠著這些關(guān)聯(lián)過(guò)渡語(yǔ)句，形成了自己獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格，若掌握了這些規(guī)律，就可以在聽(tīng)短文時(shí)做到心中有數(shù)，能很好地順應(yīng)作者的邏輯。
例文1：
Now that l have extracted your tooth，l want to give you some words of advice.Remember that this is surgery. You need to go home and rest for the rest of the day. You shouldn't do our regular work. Since you're an adult，it might take you longer to heal than if you were a child.
The numbness will wear off after a few hours，and if it's painful after that，you should take two aspirins.
Now，the most important，thing to remember is to apply ice to your cheek immediately when you get home.
This will keep the swelling down.
You can use an ice bag or put chopped ice in a towel.
Hold it to your cheek over the extraction area for 20 minutes，and then take it off for 20 minutes.Keep this up for 4 or 5 hours.
Secondly，don't rinse your mouth today.
Tomorrow you should rinse your mouth gently every three or four hours with salt water.Put about a quarter of a teaspoon of salt in a glass of warm water.Continue this rinsing for several days.
Don't be alarmed if there is some bleeding this morning. A little bleeding is normal following an extraction.I've put absorbent cotton over the extraction，and l will give you some to take home.Change the pads about a half hour after you get home.
That's all you need to do.
Call me anytime if you have a lot of bleeding or pain.And remember to apply ice right away.
分析：
從第一段中我們可以聽(tīng)到“l want to give you some words of advice”，后文中作者就會(huì)將他的建議一一說(shuō)出，聽(tīng)者要有思想準(zhǔn)備。第二段中，雖然沒(méi)有"first"這樣的字眼，但我們聽(tīng)到了“the most important thing”，即“首要的”;進(jìn)而我們又聽(tīng)到了“secondly”，最后有“That's a11”作為文章的結(jié)尾。這樣聽(tīng)下來(lái)，我們回憶起文章的脈絡(luò)就十分清晰。
例文2：
A balanced diet contains proteins，which are composed of complex amino acids.There are 20 Types Of amino acides， consisting of about 16 percent of the body weight in a lean indiVidua1.A body needs all 20 to be healthy. Amino acids can be divided into two groups： essential and nonessential.There are 9 essential amino acids. These are the proteins that the body cannot reduce by itself，so a healthy individual must consume them. The 11 nonessential amino acids，on the other hand， are produced by the body. So it is not necessary to ingest them. Proteins are described as being either high—quality or low-quality， depending on how many of the 9 essential amino acids the food contains.High—quality proteins，typically found in animal meats，are proteins that have ample amounts of the essential amino acids.Since people who follow a strict vegetarian diet are ingesting only low-quality proteins，they must make sure that their diets contain a variety of proteins，in order to ensure that what is lacking in one food is available in another.This Process of selecting a variety of the essential proteins is called protein comple-mentation.Since an insufficient amount of protein in the diet can be crippling，and prolonged absences f proteins can cause death， it is essential that a vegetarian diet contain an ample amount of the essential proteins.
分析：
1.當(dāng)我們聽(tīng)到“two groups”，就要把后面的兩個(gè)名稱(chēng)在腦中記下來(lái)，因?yàn)橄挛暮芸赡芤謩e介紹在這兩組事物上各發(fā)生了什么事情：果然后文緊接著就是“9 essential”與“the 11 nonessential”是否由人體自身產(chǎn)生的結(jié)論。若是考生意識(shí)到了這一點(diǎn)，聽(tīng)時(shí)就會(huì)抓住這兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞。
2.聽(tīng)到“this”，馬上想到“原因”，而這一分句朗讀完畢之后，就是所導(dǎo)致的“結(jié)果”了，考生要能通過(guò)分句間的短暫停頓來(lái)判斷這一點(diǎn)，做到提前產(chǎn)生語(yǔ)感。
3.英文句子上下的連貫性是任何時(shí)候都不能忽略的。文中斜體的“this”表明了這兩句話(huà)不可分割的聯(lián)系，聽(tīng)到這樣的詞表明：雖有停頓，考生腦海中的語(yǔ)義不能中斷。而“this”的讀音通常不會(huì)十分響亮，容易被考生忽略。
例文3：
Hello，everybody. In our session last week，we talked about symptoms of heart disease.Today，I would like to address something else about it.As heart disease continues to be the number-one killer in the United Stated，researehers have become increasingly interested in finding the potential risk factors that trigger heart attacks.High—fat diets and“life in the fast track" have long been known to contribute to the high incidence of heart failures.But according to new studies，the list of risk factors may be significantly longer and quite surprising.
Heart failures，for example，appear to have seasonal and temporal patterns.A，higher percentage of heart attacks occur in cold weather，and more people experience heart failure on Monday than on any other day of the week.In addition，people are more susceptible to heart attacks in the first few hours after waking.Cardiologists first observed this morning phenomenon in the mid-1980，and have since discovered a number of possible causes.An early-morning F1SC in blood pressure，heart rate，and concentration of heart stimulating homones，plus a reduction of blood flow to the heart，may all lead to the higher incidence of heart attacks between the hours of 8：00 am and 10：00 am.
In other studies，both birthdays and bachelorhood have been implicated as risk factors.Statistics reveal that heart attack rates increase significantly for both females and males in the few days immediately preceding and following their birthdays。And unmarried men are more at risk for heart attacks than their married counterparts.Though stress is thought to be linked in some way to all of the above risk factors，intense research continues in the hope of further understanding why and how heart failure is triggered.
分析：
1.當(dāng)聽(tīng)到這個(gè)分句"heart disease continues to be the number-one killer in the United States"，我們要根據(jù)所學(xué)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，迅速將“as”的意義反映出來(lái)，表示“如同”、“既然”、還是“由于”，或是表示時(shí)間。然后根據(jù)后一分句的表述，可以確定這是一個(gè)因果意義的句子。如此訓(xùn)練多次，我們就可以越來(lái)越快地捕捉句意了。
2. 在短文開(kāi)始不久，往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)“but”，“however"之類(lèi)的轉(zhuǎn)折詞，這是作者開(kāi)始闡述個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的標(biāo)志，聽(tīng)者一定要注意"But”之后的內(nèi)容。下文讀到的“for example”“in addition”都是對(duì)作者這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的具體解釋?zhuān)?tīng)者一定要能把這相距較遠(yuǎn)的句子從內(nèi)涵上真正連貫起來(lái)，才能把握通篇。
3."both"這個(gè)詞雖小，瞬間就會(huì)讀過(guò)去，但考生一定要有意識(shí)將它后面的被"and'隔開(kāi)的兩件事物記住，因?yàn)椋?ldquo;both…and”所起的作用就如同說(shuō)“there are two things：one is…and the other…”。有了這個(gè)語(yǔ)感，我們?cè)跇O短的聽(tīng)力朗讀時(shí)間中才不會(huì)漏聽(tīng)信息。
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