考研英語閱讀理解專項試題及答案

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考研英語閱讀理解專項試題及答案

　　在平平淡淡的日常中，我們都不可避免地會接觸到試題，試題是命題者根據(jù)一定的考核需要編寫出來的。大家知道什么樣的試題才是好試題嗎？下面是小編為大家整理的考研英語閱讀理解專項試題及答案，歡迎閱讀，希望大家能夠喜歡。

考研英語閱讀理解專項試題及答案

　　考研英語閱讀理解專項試題及答案 1

　　Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgwood firm’s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theater, musical festivals, and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries?

　　An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general; for example, laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.

　　To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This, however, hardly seems a sufficient answer. Mckendrick favors a Veblem model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The “middling sort” bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification? If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for conshttps://p.9136.com/28petition.

　　Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries? McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it? What, for example, does the production of high-quality pottery and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills? It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of a consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.

　　That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not, however, diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies: the insatiable demand in eighteenth-century England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world.

　　1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably in order to

　　[A] contrast their views on the subject of luxury consumerism in eighteenth-century England.

　　[B] indicate the inadequacy of historiographical approaches to eighteenth-century English history.

　　[C] give examples of historians who have helped to establish the fact of growing consumerism in eighteenth-century England.

　　[D] support the contention that key questions about eighteenth-century consumerism remain to be answered.

　　2. Which of the following items, if preserved from eighteenth-century England, would provide an example of the kind of documents mentioned in lines 3-4, paragraph 2?

　　[A] A written agreement between a supplier of raw materials and a supplier of luxury goods.

　　[B] A diary that mentions luxury goods and services purchased by its author.

　　[C] A theater ticket stamped with the date and name of a particular play.

　　[D] A payroll record from a company that produced luxury goods such as pottery.

　　3. According to the text, Thompson attributes to laboring people in eighteenth-century England which of the following attitudes toward capitalist consumerism?

　　[A] Enthusiasm.

　　[B] Curiosity.

　　[C] Ambivalence.

　　[D] Hostility.

　　4. In the third paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with

　　[A] contrasting two theses and offering a compromise.

　　[B] questioning two explanations and proposing a possible alternative to them.

　　[C] paraphrasing the work of two historians and questioning their assumptions.

　　[D] examining two theories and endorsing one over the other.

　　5. According to the text, eighteenth-century England and the contemporary world of the text readers are

　　[A] dissimilar in the extent to which luxury consumerism could be said to be widespread among the social classes.

　　[B] dissimilar in their definitions of luxury goods and services.

　　[C] dissimilar in the extent to which luxury goods could be said to be stimulant of industrial development.

　　[D] similar in their strong demand for a variety of goods and services.

　　[答案與考點解析]

　　1. 【答案】C

　　【考點解析】本題是一道例(舉)證題型。根據(jù)題干中的“McKendrick and Plumb”可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在首段的第二、三句。由于這兩句話和首段第一句之間存在例(舉)證的關(guān)系，故針對首段第一句進行認真理解。通過綜合分析和歸納這三句話，可得出含有“examples”的選項C是正確答案�？忌诮忸}時一定要善于識別題型，這一點的基礎(chǔ)是要學(xué)會識別句子之間的關(guān)系。

　　2. 【答案】B

　　【考點解析】這是一道細節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。題干中的信息以將本題的答案信息來源確定在第二段的三、四行。即第二段第二句的主句，該句中的“only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers”暗示本題的答案是選項B�？忌诮忸}時一定要學(xué)會識別原文和選項中同義詞的替換。

　　3. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】本題是一道細節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。通過題干中的“Thompson”一詞可迅速將本題的正確選項確定在第二段的尾句。從第二段尾句的前半部分即分號前面的部分我們不難推導(dǎo)出本題正確選項是D。原文中的“opposition”一詞十分重要。考生在解題時要善于從原文的表面歸納出深刻的思想。

　　4. 【答案】B

　　【考點解析】這是一道寫作手法題型。旨在考察考生的語言基本功。本題考察考生對于段落寫作結(jié)構(gòu)的認識。本文第三段的第一、二句是對某一個問題的一種解釋。本文第三段的第三、四、五句是對同一個問題的另一種解釋，本文作者對這兩種解釋提出了質(zhì)疑。本文第三段的第六、七句是作者本人針對前面兩個解釋所提出的另外一種解釋�？梢姳绢}的正確選項是B�？忌诮忸}時一定要重視文章或段落的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　5. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】本題是一道審題定位與關(guān)鍵詞理解題。通過題干中的“the contemporary world of the text readers”可將本題的答案信息迅速確定在尾段，因為尾段中的“our own world”等于“the contemporary world of the text readers”。尾段最后一行中的“foreshadows”(預(yù)示;是……的預(yù)兆)一詞暗示本題的正確選項是D�？忌诮忸}時一定要有審題定位能力，并且對于原文中的關(guān)鍵詞要有入目三分的理解。

　　[參考譯文]

　　直到最近，史學(xué)家們才發(fā)現(xiàn)在十八世紀的英國，對豪華奢侈商品和服務(wù)的需求出現(xiàn)增長的現(xiàn)象。麥克德瑞克研究了韋奇伍德公司在營銷豪華陶制品方面的極大成功;而普拉姆也著文論述了地方劇院、音樂節(jié)目以及兒童玩具和書籍激增的情形。盡管這場消費者革命的事實幾乎毋庸置疑，但仍有三個關(guān)鍵的問題尚待解決：消費者是些什么人?他們的動機是什么?以及這種對奢侈品的新需求的社會影響是什么?

　　關(guān)于第一問題的答案是很難獲得的。盡管它可能從制造商和服務(wù)行業(yè)認為消費者想要什么而實際制造的商品和提供的服務(wù)中推知，但只有對實際消費者的相關(guān)私人資料的研究才能提供一種“誰想要什么”的精確狀況。我們?nèi)匀恍枰肋@種消費市場到底有多大，以及消費者對奢侈商品的需求向下滲透到社會的什么層次。對最后一個問題而言，我們應(yīng)當注意到，在過去，湯姆遜雖然正確恢復(fù)了勞動人民在十八世紀英國歷史舞臺上的地位，但整體而言可能夸大了他們對資本主義消費方式侵蝕的抵抗情緒。例如，十八世紀英國的勞動人民迅速從家釀的啤酒轉(zhuǎn)而飲用由那些大規(guī)模、高度資本化的城市釀酒廠生產(chǎn)的標準化啤酒。

　　為了回答消費者為什么變得那么急于購物這一問題，一些史學(xué)家指出，這是因為制造商們可以在無需審查的報刊上刊登廣告。然而，這似乎并不是個理由充分的答案。麥克德瑞克贊成維布倫模型，即由社會地位的競爭而引起的一種引人注目的消費�！爸挟a(chǎn)階級”購買優(yōu)質(zhì)商品和服務(wù)，是因為他們想追隨由富人建立的消費時尚。我們可能再次懷疑這種解釋是否充足。難道人們喜愛購物不是一種自我滿足的`形式嗎?如果是這樣，那么上述消費主義可以被看做是一種個人主義和物質(zhì)主義新興概念的產(chǎn)物，而不一定是瘋狂進行引人注目的競爭的結(jié)果。

　　最后，這種消費者對奢侈品的需求所導(dǎo)致的后果又是什么呢?麥克德瑞克聲稱，這將極為有助于解釋工業(yè)革命的到來。但事實果真如此嗎?例如，高質(zhì)量的陶制品和玩具與鋼鐵制造和紡織工廠的發(fā)展有什么關(guān)系呢?即使沒有重工業(yè)的存在，消費社會在心理上和現(xiàn)實上都是完全可能存在的。

　　然而，對這些關(guān)鍵問題的進一步探究毫無疑問是需要的，而且不應(yīng)當減弱近期研究所得結(jié)論的說服力：十八世紀英國對那些有用和瑣碎商品及服務(wù)的不知足的需求預(yù)示了我們目前的這個世界的特征。

　　考研英語閱讀理解專項試題及答案 2

　　The intensive work of materials scientists and solid-state physicists has given rise to a class of solids known as amorphous metallic alloys or glassy metals. There is a growing interest among theoretical and applied researchers alike in the structural properties of these materials.

　　When a molten metal or metallic alloy is cooled to a solid, a crystalline structure is formed that depends on the particular alloy composition. In contrast, molten nonmetallic glass-forming materials when cooled do not assume a crystalline structure, but instead retain a structure somewhat like that of the liquid — an amorphous structure. At room temperature the natural long-term tendency for both types of materials is to assume the crystalline structure. The difference between the two is in the kinetics or rate of formation of the crystalline structure which is controlled by factors such as the nature of the chemical bonding and the ease with which atoms move relative to each other. Thus, in metals, the kinetics favors rapid formation of a crystallines structure whereas in nonmetallic glasses the rate of formation is so slow that almost any cooling rate is sufficient to result in an amorphous structure. For glassy metals to be formed, the molten metal must be cooled extremely rapidly so that crystallization is suppressed.

　　The structure of glassy metals is thought to be similar to that of liquid metals. One of the first attempts to model the structure of a liquid was that by the late J. D. Bernal of the University of London, who packed hard spheres into a rubber vessel in such a way as to obtain the maximum possible density. The resulting dense, random-packed structure was the basis for many attempts to model the structure of glassy metals.

　　Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models of the alloys metal component agree fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid such as alloys of palladium and silicon or alloys consisting of iron phosphors, and carbon, although small discrepancies remained. One difference between real alloys and the hard spheres area in Bernal models is that the components of an alloy have different size, so that models based on two sizes of spheres are more appropriate for a binary alloy for example. The smaller metalloid atoms of the alloys might fit into holes in the dense random-packed structure of the larger metal atoms.

　　One of the most promising properties of glassy metals is their high strength combined with high malleability. In usual materials, one finds an inverse relation between the two properties, whereas for many practical applications simultaneous presence of both properties is desirable. One residual obstacle to practical applications that is likely to be overcome is the fact that glassy metals will crystallize at relatively low temperatures when heated slightly.

　　1. The author is primarily concerned with discussing

　　[A] crystalline solids and their behavior at different temperatures.

　　[B] molten materials and the kinetics of the formation of their crystalline structure.

　　[C] glassy metals and their structural characteristics.

　　[D] metallic alloys and problems in determining their density.

　　2. The author’s attitude toward the prospects for the economic utilization of glassy metals is one of

　　[A] disinterest.

　　[B] impatience.

　　[C] optimism.

　　[D] apprehension.

　　3. According to the text, which of the following determines the crystalline structure of a metallic alloy?

　　[A] At what rate the molten alloy is cooled.

　　[B] How rapid the rate of formation of the crystalline phase is.

　　[C] How the different-sized atoms fit into a dense random-packed structure.

　　[D] What the alloy consists of and in what ratios.

　　4. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the structure of liquid metals and the structure of glassy metals, as it is presented in the text?

　　[A] The latter is an illustrative example of the former.

　　[B] The latter is a large-scale version of the former.

　　[C] The former is a structural elaboration of the latter.

　　[D] The former is a fair approximation of the latter.

　　5. It can be inferred from the text that, theoretically, molten nonmetallic glasses assume a crystalline structure rather than an amorphous structure only if they are cooled

　　[A] very evenly, regardless of the rate.

　　[B] rapidly, followed by gentle heating.

　　[C] very slowly.

　　[D] to room temperature.

　　[答案與考點解析]

　　1. 【答案】C

　　【考點解析】本題是一道中心主旨題。本文的中心主旨句是首段的第二句，該句中的“these materials”指的就是首段第一句中的“amorphous metallic alloys or glassy metals”。可見本題的正確答案應(yīng)該是C�？忌欢ㄒ溃浩平庵行闹髦碱}的關(guān)鍵在于抓住全文的中心主旨句。

　　2. 【答案】C

　　【考點解析】本題是一道審題定位題。根據(jù)題干中的“prospects”(前景)可將本題的答案信息迅速確定在尾段，因為尾段首句中的“promising”(有前途的)暗示本段講某種事物的前景或未來。本題的確切答案信息來源在尾段的最后一句，該句中的“that is likely to be overcome”暗示本題的正確答案是C�？忌诮忸}時一定要具備迅速地審題定位能力，還要具備理解原文深層含義的能力。

　　3. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】這是一道細節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。根據(jù)題干中的“crystalline structure”可將本題的答案迅速確定在第二段的首句，該句中的“depends on”和題干中的.“determines”相互呼應(yīng)。通過仔細理解第二段的首句可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項是D。請考生注意原文中“composition”和選項中“consists of”的轉(zhuǎn)換�？忌诮忸}時一定要具備細節(jié)推導(dǎo)能力，不能只停留于文字的表面含義。

　　4. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】這是一道細節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。根據(jù)題干中的“the structure of liquid metals and the structure of glassy metals”可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在第三段的首句。該句中的“similar”一詞暗示選項D是正確答案�？忌诮忸}時應(yīng)重視對立對比關(guān)系。

　　5. 【答案】C

　　【考點解析】本題是一道總結(jié)歸納信息并進行引申推導(dǎo)題型。從本題題干中的“molten nonmetallic glasses”可斷定本題的答案信息在本文第二段，因為該句中包含有題干中的核心詞語“molten nonmetallic glasses”。我們需要歸納和總結(jié)本段的每一句話，尤其是第三、四句的內(nèi)容，另外本段尾句的含義為推導(dǎo)(infer)出本題的正確選項C起到至關(guān)重要的作用�？忌谄平獯祟愵}型時一定要注意首先歸納和總結(jié)原文中相應(yīng)出題點的全面信息，更要注意邏輯推導(dǎo)的能力。

　　[參考譯文]

　　材料科學(xué)家和固體物理學(xué)家的深入研究已促進了一種固體物質(zhì)的出現(xiàn)，這類固體被稱為非晶體金屬合金，也就是玻璃金屬。理論和應(yīng)用研究者對這些材料的結(jié)構(gòu)特性的興趣正與日俱增。

　　當一種熔化的金屬和金屬合金冷卻成固體時，依賴于特定的合金成份將形成各種晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。相比之下，熔化的非金屬、玻璃類材料在冷卻后將不會形成晶體結(jié)構(gòu)，而是保留一點類似于液體的非晶體結(jié)構(gòu)，在室溫條件下，兩類材料的自然的長期傾向都形成了晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。它們之間的不同在于動態(tài)性，即形成晶體結(jié)構(gòu)的速度。這種動態(tài)性受下述兩種因素控制：化學(xué)結(jié)合的性質(zhì)和分子之間相互運動的自由程度。由此，對金屬而言，動態(tài)歷程有利于晶體結(jié)構(gòu)的快速形成;而對非金屬來說，這種形成速度非常慢，以至于任何自然冷卻速度都足以形成一種非晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。要想形成玻璃金屬，熔化的金屬必須以極快的速度冷卻，以抑制晶體的形成。

　　人們認為玻璃金屬的結(jié)構(gòu)與液態(tài)金屬的結(jié)構(gòu)類似。創(chuàng)建這種液體結(jié)構(gòu)模型的第一次嘗試是已故的倫敦大學(xué)的J. D.鮑納爾進行的，他將堅硬的球體盡可能多地填塞進一個橡膠容器中，以便得到一種最大可能的密度。這個密度結(jié)果以及隨機填塞結(jié)構(gòu)以后便成為試圖建立玻璃金屬結(jié)構(gòu)模型的基礎(chǔ)。

　　基于鮑納爾模型，由合成金屬的成份組成對合金密度的計算結(jié)果與實驗測得的結(jié)果相當?shù)匚呛希斎灰恍┘毼⒌牟町惾匀淮嬖�。實驗結(jié)果是通過測量由一種重金屬和類金屬組成的合金得到的，如鈀和硅的合金，或鐵磷和碳組成的合金。實際的合金和鮑納爾模型所用的球體之間的差別在于合金的成份有不同的體積大小，因此，基于兩種大小的球體的模型更適合于兩類物質(zhì)的合金。合金中非金屬的小原子可能填進由大原子隨機填塞形成的緊密結(jié)構(gòu)中。

　　玻璃金屬最有前景的一個特征是高強度與高延伸性的結(jié)合。在常見的晶體材料中，這兩種特性一般是成反比的，但人們渴望它們同時存在。在實際用途中可能還有一個問題急待解決，即當玻璃金屬在相對的低溫下慢慢加熱時，它會逐漸變?yōu)榫w結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　考研英語閱讀理解專項試題及答案 3

　　The complications frequently accompanying diabetes, such as impairment of vision and of kidney function, are now thought to result from the lack of continuous control of blood glucose concentrations. The healthy pancreas, in response to increases in blood glucose concentration, releases small quantities of insulin throughout the day and thereby maintains the concentration within physiological limits (nomoglycemia). But the diabetic generally receives only one large dose daily. The diabetic’s blood glucose concentration can thus fluctuate greatly during the interval between doses, and it has been suggested that the complication result from the periods of high concentrations of blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Many investigators thus believe that restoration of normoglycemia might halt the progression of such complications and perhaps even reverse them.

　　There are three primary techniques that have been investigated for restoration of normoglycemia. They are: transplantation of whole, healthy pancreases; transplantation of islets of Langerthan, that portion of the pancreas that actually secretes insulin, and implantation of artificial pancreases. There has, in fact been a great deal of success in the development of these techniques and each seems, on the whole, promising. Nonetheless, it will undoubtedly be many years before any one of them is accepted as a treatment for diabetes.

　　To many people, the obvious approach would seem to be simply to transplant pancreases from cadavers in the same manner that kidneys and other organs are routinely transplanted. That was the rationale in 1966 when the first recorded pancreas was performed. Between 1960 and 1975, there were forty-six pancreas transplants in forty-five other patients in the United States and five other countries. But only one of these patients is still alive with a functioning graft and surgeons have found that the procedure is not simple as they once thought.

　　The surviving patient has required no insulin since the operation. Another patient survived 638 days without requiring insulin. And one patient survived a transplantation for more than a year, but died when he chose not to take immunosuppressive drugs. These results, though meager, suggest that the procedure has the potential for success.

　　The rest of the patients, however, either rejected the transplant or died within a short period. There does not appear to be any technical problem with the procedure. Rather, most of the patients were already so severely debilitated by the complications of diabetes that they could not withstand the surgery and the immunosuppressive regimen required to prevent rejection. More than half of the patients, furthermore, also required a kidney transplant. Most investigators now agree that the simultaneous transplantation of both organs is too great a shock to the patient and greatly increases the total risk.

　　1. Which of the following best states one of the main conclusions of the text?

　　[A] Although the techniques for pancreas transplants appear to be theoretically correct, there are problems that must be solved before the operation can be used as a treatment for diabetes.

　　[B] Although the techniques for pancreas transplants are still being developed, the experimental results show that the operation will be a successful treatment for diabetes in the near future.

　　[C] Although pancreas transplants are reliable, many diabetics are reluctant to undergo the operation because of the side effects of immunosuppressive drugs.

　　[D] Although pancreas transplants alone are not generally successful, the operation can be used in conjunction with other procedures to treat diabetes.

　　2. According to the text, widely spaced doses of insulin can cause

　　[A] reversal of normal kidney function.

　　[B] delay in the onset of diabetes.

　　[C] radical changes in the concentration of blood glucose.

　　[D] restoration of normoglycemia.

　　3. According to the text, a periodic high concentration of blood glucose in diabetics is a possible cause of

　　[A] deterioration of the pancreas.

　　[B] damage to the eyes and kidneys.

　　[C] rejection of transplanted organs.

　　[D] inadequate secretion of insulin.

　　4. It can be inferred from the text that one of the important contributing causes of the failure of most pancreas transplants has been the

　　[A] reluctance of patients to cooperate with physicians.

　　[B] imperfect techniques used in the operation.

　　[C] scarcity of immunosuppressive drugs.

　　[D] weakened condition of the patients.

　　5. The text suggests that the author considers the data concerning the success of pancreas transplants to be

　　[A] invalid.

　　[B] indirect.

　　[C] inaccurate.

　　[D] insufficient.

　　[答案與考點解析]

　　1. 【答案】A

　　【考點解析】本題是一道審題定位題。本題的題干比較奇怪，沒有明確指出本題答案信息在原文中的確切位置。在大多數(shù)情況下，考生會迷失解題思路。我們一再重申：考生在迷失解題思路時一定要多想一想全文的中心主旨句，以及各段的主題句。本文的中心主旨句是第二段的尾句，本題的正確選項A恰恰是來自于本句。這再次說明我們在迷失解題思路時應(yīng)該首先想到全文的中心主旨句或每段的主題句。

　　2. 【答案】C

　　【考點解析】這是一道細節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。通過本題題干中的“widely spaced doses of insulin”可將本題的答案信息來源確定在首段的第三、四句。因為這兩句話提到了“doses of insulin”。通過仔細閱讀和理解第三、四句，就可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項C�？忌诮忸}時一定要善于理解和把握題干和原文所進行的同義詞替換。

　　3. 【答案】B

　　【考點解析】這是一道句間關(guān)系題。通過題干中的“periodic high concentration”可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在第一段的第四句。通過仔細閱讀和理解第四句，尤其是把第四句中的“complication”和第一句中的“complications”進行連貫的理解，就可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項B�？忌诮忸}時要善于發(fā)現(xiàn)和理解句子之間的'關(guān)系。

　　4. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】這是一道細節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。通過題干中的“failure”一詞可推斷本題的正確答案信息在倒數(shù)第二段尾句的前后，因為該句所談?wù)摰闹行脑掝}是“success”。又根據(jù)題干中的“most”一詞將本題的答案信息確定在尾段的第三句，因為該句中含有“most”一詞。通過閱讀和理解尾段第三句，可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確答案是D�？忌诮忸}時要注意靈活理解題干和原文所表達的內(nèi)容，千萬不能生硬地進行理解。

　　5. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】本文是一道詞匯理解題。本題題干中的“success”將本題的答案信息來源確定在倒數(shù)第二段的尾句。該句中的“meager”(不足的，貧乏的)暗示本題的正確選項是D�？忌诮忸}時一定要對關(guān)鍵詞加以重視并進行合理的推斷。

　　[參考譯文]

　　通常與糖尿病相伴的并發(fā)癥，如視力和腎功能的損害，現(xiàn)在被認為是由于無法連續(xù)控制血液中的葡萄糖濃度所導(dǎo)致的。健康的胰臟，在血糖濃度增加時，會在整個白天不斷地釋放出少量的胰島素，從而使血糖濃度維持在生理限度之內(nèi)(正常血糖量)。但是糖尿病患者一般是每天得到一次大劑量胰島素的注射。這樣在兩次注射之間，糖尿病患者的血糖濃度會發(fā)生很大波動，而且目前已被指出，并發(fā)癥可能就是源于這些高血糖濃度時期(高血糖)。因此，許多研究人員相信，恢復(fù)正常的血糖濃度或許能阻止這些并發(fā)癥的發(fā)展，并進而可能減輕并發(fā)癥。

　　為了恢復(fù)正常的血糖濃度，已對三種主要的技術(shù)進行了研究。它們分別是：健康胰臟的整個移植;胰島部分的移植，胰島是胰腺中實際分泌胰島素的部分;以及人造腺的移植。事實上，這些技術(shù)的發(fā)展都獲得了成功，而且從整體上講，每種技術(shù)都大有希望。然而，毫無疑問地，在任何一種技術(shù)被接受用作糖尿病患者的治療手段之前，還會有很多年的時間。

　　對多數(shù)人而言，顯而易見的方法看來可能是從尸體中移植胰腺，就象移植腎臟和其它器官那樣。這便是1966年第一例胰腺移植手術(shù)的理論基礎(chǔ)。在1966年至1975年間，在美國和另外五個國家，共有45名其它病人進行了46例胰腺移植手術(shù)。但目前，只有其中一個病人尚在人世，而且移植的胰腺功能健全。因此，手術(shù)醫(yī)生們發(fā)現(xiàn)，手術(shù)過程并不像他們先前想象的那么簡單。

　　幸存的病人從那次手術(shù)之后不再需要注射胰島素。另一個病人在不需要注射胰島素的情況下活了638天。還有一名病人在移植之后存活了一年，但他決定不服用免疫藥物之后就死去了。這些結(jié)果，盡管為數(shù)不多，可也表明了手術(shù)過程有潛在成功的可能。

　　然而，其余的病人或者出現(xiàn)排異反應(yīng)，或者在很短一段時期后死去。在手術(shù)過程中，看起來是不存在任何技術(shù)問題的。不過，大多數(shù)的病人都由于糖尿病的并發(fā)病已經(jīng)很衰弱，以至于無法經(jīng)受手術(shù)和為防止排異反應(yīng)所需的免疫抑制療程。另外，一大半病人還需要進行腎臟移植。目前，多數(shù)研究人員都認為同時移植兩個器官對病人自身系統(tǒng)影響太大，而且極大地增加了整體的風險。

　　考研英語閱讀理解專項試題及答案 4

　　Section II Reading Comprehension Part A

　　Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

　　How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This years rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last years, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

　　Successive governments have pertted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

　　However, over the past12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

　　The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britains railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

　　21.【題干】The author holds that this years increase in rail passengers fares_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.will ease train operations burden.

　　B.has kept pace with inflation.

　　C.is a big surprise to commuters.

　　D.remains an unreasonable measure.

　　【答案】D

　　22.【題干】The stockbroker in 2 is used to stand for_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.car drivers

　　B.rail travellers

　　C.local investors

　　D.ordinary taxpayers

　　【答案】B

　　23.【題干】It is indicated in 3 that train operators_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.are offering compensations to commuters.

　　B.are trying to repair relations with the unions.

　　C.have failed to provide an adequate service.

　　D.have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.

　　【答案】C

　　24.【題干】If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.the loss of investment.

　　B.the collapse of operations.

　　C.a reduction of revenue

　　D.a change of ownership.

　　【答案】D

　　25.【題干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

　　【選項】

　　A.Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?

　　B.Constant Complaining Doesnt Work

　　C.Can Nationalization Bring Hope?

　　D.Ever-rising Fares Arent Sustainable

　　【答案】D

　　考研英語閱讀理解專項試題及答案 5

　　Last year marked the third year in a row of that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the countrys antipoverty program.

　　In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. Theyre already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

　　But CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

　　Thats because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations dont prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.

　　Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.

　　Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesias phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7, 468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, "we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation," Ferraro says.

　　Thats likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

　　Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybodys guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that whats good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.

　　26.【題干】According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.facilitate health care reform.

　　B.help poor families get better off.

　　C.improve local education systems.

　　D.lower deforestation rates.

　　【答案】B

　　27.【題干】The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.

　　B.CCT programs have he helped preserve traditional lifestyles.

　　C.antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.