2017中石油職稱英語考試備考題及答案

　　備考題一：

　　假如世界沒有石油

　　1.Have you everstopped to think how your life would change if the world ran out of oil? Take alook at your day. The roof of your home is probably made waterproof by an oilproduct,bitumen. The same product is used for the road surface outside yourhome. Before you leave to go to work or school,just examine your surroundings.Is the room warmer than the cold air outside? Oil,or electricity from oil-fedgenerators may be keeping you comfortably warm. If you are comfortably cool ina tropical climate,your air conditioning unit may also depend on oil-fedgenerators.

　　1.你曾想過沒有，如果世界上用盡了石油，你的生活會發(fā)生什么樣變化呢?請看一看你的日常生活。你家的屋頂可能是用一種叫瀝青的石油產(chǎn)品做成防水的。瀝青同樣可用來鋪你家外面的路面。在你離家去上班或上學(xué)之前，請觀察一下你周圍的環(huán)境。房間里會比外面冷空氣暖和嗎?這是石油或由燃油發(fā)電機發(fā)出來的電使你感到舒適溫暖。如果你在炎熱的氣候里感到舒適涼爽，那么你家的空調(diào)器可能也是靠燃油發(fā)電機工作的。

　　2.In the kitchenand the bathroom you will probably see some plastic fittings such as tiles andworking surfaces; polystyrene cups; curtains made from synthetic materials;disinfectants and detergents. All owe their origin to the oil known aspetroleum (Latin/Greek 'petra',rock,andLatin 'oleum',oil),found deep in the earth. Look inside the medicine cupboardfor more petroleum products,medical paraffin and petroleum jelly. Cosmeticssuch as face creams,lipsticks and hair preparations are often based onpetroleum.

　　2、在廚房和浴室里你可能看到一些塑料器具，如塑料地板和塑料操作臺面、聚苯乙烯杯子、合成材料的浴簾、消毒劑和去污劑。所有這些都是來自稱為“Petroleum”的石油。“Petroleum”(石油)是(由拉丁或希臘文"petro"(巖石)和拉丁文"oleum"(油)組成)，深埋在地下。向藥廚里看看，你可以找到更多的石油產(chǎn)品，如藥用石蠟和凡士林�；瘖y品如雪花膏、唇膏、洗發(fā)劑等，常用石油作為基本原料。

　　3.When you'reout,notice the fields and gardens. Fertilizers and insecticides made frompetroleum can improve crop production. Recently protein feeds for animals havebeen developed by growing yeast in a petroleum based stock. As you head foryour bus,train or car,all of which use petroleum products in the form of fuelto move them and lubricants to keep them in working order,take a look in themirror. What are you wearing today? A polyester shirt or dress,nylon socks orstockings,and acrylic sweater-a raincoat of PVC (polyvinyl chloride)? All ofthese are based on petroleum products.

　　3、當(dāng)外出時你會看到農(nóng)田和花園�；�肥和殺蟲劑是由石油制取的，可以使農(nóng)作物增產(chǎn)。最近已經(jīng)研制出一種動物食用的蛋白質(zhì)飼料，它是用石油作為基本原料加上酵母而制成的。公共汽車、貨車或小轎車，都是靠石油產(chǎn)品作燃料開動的，用潤滑油保持這些車輛正常工作。當(dāng)你去乘車之前要照一照鏡子�？纯唇裉齑┦裁匆路�好?是化纖服裝(襯衫還是外套)，是尼龍襪(短襪還是長襪)，晴綸毛衣還是塑料雨衣?而所有這些都是用石油產(chǎn)品作原料的。

　　4. Scientists predict that the world's knownoil resources will run out early in the next century. But long before then theworld will have to decide on its priorities. Can we afford to use so much ofour limited petroleum supplies for private motoring? Should airlines compete onsimilar routes allowing planes to fly long distances with empty passengerseats? What alternative energy resources can be developed? 4、科學(xué)家預(yù)言世界上已探明的石油資源將在下個世紀(jì)初用盡。但遠(yuǎn)在那時候以前，世界就必須確定石油是優(yōu)先考慮控制使用的物資。石油儲量既然有限，我們還能把那么多的石油用于私人汽車嗎?難道航空公司還應(yīng)該為了在類似的航線上競爭而允許他們的客機有空座的長途飛行嗎?能開發(fā)出什么樣的替代能源呢?

　　5. There is an oldEnglish saying,"Necessity is the mother of invention," which meansthat when you are faced with a need you will discover some way of fulfillingit. Already scientists are proposing some fascinating solutions. There is onesuggestion that the wheeled traffic and the footsteps of crowds walking thestreets in major cities could generate energy. One company has presented anidea in which metal strips inserted in pavements and roads operate fly wheelsby means of a piston action using hydraulic fluid. They say the human andwheeled traffic in a busy city center could provide enough energy to light thestreets of an entire town or power the heating system for a hospital or school.Some people are developing sophisticated versions of the windmill. Engines canrun on alcohol,so surplus sugar cane could be used to produce energy. An airship powered by energy from the sun has been suggested. Such "sunship" would have a large enough surface area to carry the enormous numberof solar cells necessary to move any appreciable load. Such "sunship" might travel at over one hundred kilometers an hour. In such circumstances,ofcourse,the tropical parts of the world would have a head start in the race tofind new energy sources.

　　5、英國有一句古話“需要是發(fā)明之母”。這意味著當(dāng)你面對一種需要時，你將發(fā)現(xiàn)一種方法滿足它�？茖W(xué)家們已經(jīng)在提出一些迷人的解決方案。有一個建議提出，在大城市街道上，擁擠的人群走的腳步和路面上往來行使的車輛可以用來生產(chǎn)能量。一個公司提出這樣想法：嵌在人行道和路面上的金屬條用液壓活塞的作用使飛輪轉(zhuǎn)動。他們說，在繁華大城市的中心，人群和過往車輛可提供足夠的能量為整個城鎮(zhèn)的街道照明或者為一個醫(yī)院或?qū)W校提供供暖系統(tǒng)的動力。某些人正在研制高級的風(fēng)車技術(shù)。發(fā)動機可用乙醇作燃料開動，因此，過剩的甘蔗可用來產(chǎn)生能量。還有人建議用太陽能作動力來驅(qū)使飛艇。這種“太陽能飛艇”必須要很大的面積以攜帶大量的太陽能電池，這樣才有可能運載可觀的載荷。這種“太陽能飛艇”也許每小時能航行100多公里。當(dāng)然倘若這樣，世界的熱帶地區(qū)在尋找新能源的競賽中將會領(lǐng)先一步。

　　21.And All That Jazz

　　關(guān)乎爵士樂

　　1. Have you everheard the expression, “— and all that Jazz”? When people say that today, it’sslang which means much the same thing as et cetera or “and so forth.” You mayuse it yourself. Jazz, it seems, has had quite a few meanings. Through the historyof jazz, it has meant many different kinds of music to many different people.

　　1. 你聽過這種說法嗎，“像爵士樂一般，諸如此類的東西”? 現(xiàn)在人們把它用作俚語，意思和“等等”，“以此類推”類似。你自己可能就用過這個詞。爵士樂似乎有多種含義，縱覽其發(fā)展史，對不同人群來說爵士樂意味著不同的音樂形式。

　　2. It’s interestingto know that jazz was first spelled a different way — jass. At that time, itreferred to the old New Orleansstyle of music. This music came from the Negro religious songs and songs ofcelebration. One major part of the music was its beat, of course. Another, andsometimes more important part, was the way in which the music was played. Itwas like a conversation. You can’t always tell what’s coming next during a talkwith some friends. The New Orleansmusicians were like that. They took a tune and played what came into theirminds, just as you say what comes into your mind in a conversation.

　　2. 有趣的是，爵士樂(jazz)最初拼寫為——jass，它是一種古老的新奧爾良風(fēng)格的音樂，發(fā)源于黑人的宗教和慶典音樂。其主要特征當(dāng)然是它獨特的節(jié)奏，而另一個特征也許更為重要，那就是像談話一樣的演奏方式。和朋友聊天時，你不可能總是去想下一個話題是什么。新奧爾良的音樂人們就是這樣演奏的——先定個調(diào)，然后演奏出心中涌出音符，就像聊天時隨口說出那些涌入腦中的話。

　　3. These earlymusical groups were very small in comparison to the big bands that formedlater. At times two rival groups of musicians would stage a “cutting session.”It was a sort of musical fight. Whichever group could outlast the other was thewinner. If they both lasted as well, the better group would probably be chosenby the audience. Of course, the battle had advertising value too.

　　3. 較之后來的樂隊，早期的音樂組合規(guī)模比較小。有時兩個互相較量的樂隊會登臺進(jìn)行一場“淘汰賽”，就像音樂擂臺，能夠唱到最后的樂隊就是勝者。如果不分勝負(fù)，就會由觀眾選出表現(xiàn)更好的樂隊。當(dāng)然，這種擂臺賽也非常具有廣告價值。

　　4. This music laterbecame known as Dixieland, a term you have probably heard before. There aredifferent styles of Dixieland. We have mentioned the New Orleans style, which was popular at theend of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. As the fame ofthe music spread up the Mississippi River, a style called the Chicago style developed. Later, we hear ofthe New Yorkstyle. If you get a chance to listen to these types of music carefully, you canhear the difference.

　　4. 后來這種音樂被稱作“迪克西蘭爵士樂(Dixieland)”，這是人們所熟知的。當(dāng)然，迪克西蘭爵士還有許多不同的風(fēng)格。上面提到的新奧爾良風(fēng)格在十九世紀(jì)末和二十世紀(jì)初非常流行。當(dāng)這種音樂風(fēng)格蜚聲密西西比河流域時，另一種芝加哥風(fēng)格的爵士樂悄然出現(xiàn)了，后來還有了我們所熟知的紐約風(fēng)格。當(dāng)你靜聽這些爵士樂時，一定能品味出它們之間的不同。

　　5. We’ve talkedabout the early days of jazz, but just what is it? Generally, it consists ofthe beat we mentioned before. It should have some “make it up as you go along”music, too. This is the reason for many arguments among jazz lovers. When Swingcame along near the 1930s, we saw big bands playing music that had already beenwritten out for them. Some argued that this was not really jazz. At any rate,the King of Swing, Benny Goodman, certainly pleased many people with his bigband. His jazz (or Swing) really hit the big time in 1938. In January of thatyear, his orchestra played a jazz concert in New York’s Carnegie Hall. The concert hallusually booked operas and symphonies. On that evening, it was treated to theblare of trumpets and the crashing, jumping music of the Goodman orchestra.Luckily, the concert was recorded; so it can still be heard.

　　5. 以上我們談到了爵士樂的早期發(fā)展，但它到底是什么? 一般來說，爵士樂應(yīng)該包含上文提到過的獨特節(jié)奏，還有那種“一邊演奏一邊即興發(fā)揮”的演奏形式。但這也造成了爵士樂迷之間的很多爭論。當(dāng)搖擺樂(Swing)在二十世紀(jì)三十年代出現(xiàn)時，許多大型樂隊演奏的音樂是事先創(chuàng)作好的，因此有人質(zhì)疑它不是真正的爵士。但不論怎樣，班尼•古德曼(BennyGoodman) 的確用他的大型爵士樂隊讓眾多觀眾獲得愉悅的感受，他的爵士(或搖擺樂)在1938年取得了巨大成功。那年的1月，他的管弦樂隊在紐約的卡耐基音樂廳舉行了一場爵士音樂會;通常這座音樂廳只舉辦歌劇和交響樂音樂會，而那天晚上，整個音樂廳流淌出小號的嘟嘟聲以及古德曼樂隊演奏出的強烈而具跳躍性的音樂。幸運的是，這場音樂會被錄了音，直到現(xiàn)在我們?nèi)匀荒苄疫\地欣賞到它。

　　6. From the Goodmanorchestra came many great musicians, some of whom formed their own orchestras.Perhaps two of the best known are Harry James and Gene Krupa. Goodman himselfplayed at the World’s Fair in Brussels, Belgium, andalong with James and Krupa achieved life-long fame.

　　6. 從古德曼樂團(tuán)走出了許多偉大的音樂人，其中一些還組織了自己的樂團(tuán)。他們之中最著名的是哈里•詹姆斯和吉恩•克魯帕二位。古德曼本人曾在比利時布魯塞爾的世界博覽會上演奏，與詹姆士和克魯帕一樣獲得終身的盛譽。

　　7. Now we come tothe 1940s，when a music called “BeBop” was invented. It didn’t last too long, butit was fun. This was very strange music, unlike much of what had gone beforeit. Many of these musicians did not like Swing or Dixieland; so they thoughtthat they had to do things in a completely different way. Sometimes the musicthey played did not really sound like music at all, but at least they werebeing “different.”

　　7. 現(xiàn)在，讓我們來到二十世紀(jì)四十年代。此時一種叫“比波普(BeBop)”的爵士樂出現(xiàn)了，盡管它流行的時間不長，但卻非常有趣。它曲風(fēng)獨特，與以前的大不相同。這種類型的音樂人不喜歡搖擺樂或迪克西蘭風(fēng)格，因此他們決心創(chuàng)造一種完全不同的音樂。有時他們演奏的甚至不能稱之為音樂，但至少他們做到了與眾不同。

　　8. From all thesekinds of music, we come to the present. Today we still have Dixieland, and atype of big-band Swing, although that term is not used so much. We have thesmall groups of jazzmen with us, too. They play the modern jazz that grew fromthe music of the early 1940s and 1950s. There are many different styles andindividuals playing this kind of jazz today.

　　8. 經(jīng)歷種種不同的音樂形式，我們來到現(xiàn)代。盡管這些名詞已經(jīng)淡出人們視線，但今天我們?nèi)匀宦牭峡宋魈m和大樂隊演奏的搖擺樂，在我們身邊仍有許許多多的小型爵士樂隊。他們演奏的現(xiàn)代爵士發(fā)源于二十世紀(jì)四十年代早期和五十年代的音樂，它形式多樣，直到今天仍然有人在演奏。

　　9. Jazz is anAmerican art form. It is considered art by many, and it developed only in America.In the past few decades, it has become popular all over the world. Famous jazzmusicians from Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington to Chuck Mangione and WyntonMarsalis have performed all over the world, from Europe to Asia to the Middle East. Jazz has come a long way from the original New Orleans marchingmusic.

　　9. 爵士是一種純美國的藝術(shù)形式。盡管被普遍認(rèn)可，但它發(fā)展成熟于美國。在過去的幾十年中，它在全世界流行起來，著名的爵士音樂家，從路易斯•阿姆斯特朗(Louis Armstrong)、艾靈頓公爵(Duke Ellington)到查克•曼卓林(Chuck Mangione)和文頓•馬沙利斯(Wynton Marsalis)等都曾經(jīng)進(jìn)行全球巡演，從歐洲到亞洲，再到中東�，F(xiàn)在的爵士樂已經(jīng)得到了長足的發(fā)展，已不再是最初的新奧爾良風(fēng)格的進(jìn)行曲。

　　Wordsand Expressions

　　big time n.第一流，最高級，歡樂時刻，愉快的時光

　　swing [swiŋ] v.搖擺，擺動，回轉(zhuǎn)，旋轉(zhuǎn)n.秋千，搖擺，擺動

　　trumpet ['trʌmpit] n.喇叭

　　crashing ['kræʃiŋ] adj.絕對的，非凡的，徹底的

　　22.The Germanic Languages日耳曼語系 <原20>

　　1.Most people haveheard of the Tower of Babel story in theBible. According to this story,long ago all people spoke the same language.Later,however,they were punished by speaking a great number of differenttongues. Today,there are literally thousands of different languages (defined asmutually unintelligible tongues) around the world,though many are related toone another. Indeed,the two largest language families,the Indo-European (thelanguage family with the largest number of speakers) and Sino-Tibetan(containing the Chinese languages,Thai,Vietnamese,and Tibetan) include hundredsof languages with over half the world's population.

　　1.大多數(shù)的人都聽說過圣經(jīng)中巴別塔的故事。故事稱很久以前，人們說的是同一種語言。但是，后來人們遭受懲罰，而開始說各種不同的語言。今天，全世界真是有好幾千種不同的語言(此處指的是彼此無法相通的語言)，雖然其中語言彼此都有所關(guān)聯(lián)。的確，這兩個最大的語系，印歐語系(最多人使用的語系)和漢藏語系(包括華語、泰語、越語和西藏語)，涵蓋了幾百種不同的語言，使用者也超過了全世界半數(shù)的人口。

　　2.Because there are so many languages withinthe above two super-categories of language families,linguists have furtherdivided these linguistically rich and geographically diverse families intosub-groups,one of which,the Germanic language group,has the second-largestnumber of speakers (Chinese being first). Within this group of over 500,000,000speakers is the world's foremost international language,English,foremost interms of its geographic spread and number of second-language users.German,spoken by just over 100,000,000 people,is one of the world's ten-largestlanguages in terms of population. As English and German speakers constitute themajorities in several of the world's most economically,militarily,andtechnologically developed countries,it is important to be familiar with thisparticular language grouping.

　　2.就因為有太多的語言涵蓋于上述的兩個超級語系，語言學(xué)家就進(jìn)一步的把這兩種語言豐富、地理涵蓋范圍非常廣的語系再區(qū)分為幾種不同的次級語系，其中的1個就是日耳曼語系，使用這個語系的人數(shù)在所有語系中排名第二位(第一位為華語)。在這個有5億多人口使用的語系中，包括了世界最重要的國際語言，那就是英語。英語之所以稱得上是最重要的語言乃因使用的地區(qū)很廣，且把英語當(dāng)作第二種語言使用的人口亦很多。有1億多人操德語，故就人口而言，德語是世界十大語言之一。由于使用英語和德語的人口在幾個經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事和科技先進(jìn)的國家中占絕大比例，因此熟悉日耳曼語系的來龍去脈是很重要的。

　　3.Linguists furtherdivide the Germanic languages into three groups,two extant and one extinct.East Germanic languages are no longer spoken; Gothic is an example of thissmall and historic grouping. Afrikaans,Dutch,English,Flemish,and German are themore important languages within the West Germanic grouping. The Scandinavianlanguages of Danish,Icelandic,Norwegian,and Swedish comprise the North Germanicgrouping. Though these languages cannot be easily understood among theirdifferent speakers,the similarities in vocabulary are striking.

　　3.語言學(xué)家又進(jìn)一步地把日耳曼語系分成3個支系，其中兩個支系至今仍然存在，另1個支系，也就是東日爾曼語，因無人使用而已不復(fù)存。歌德語就屬于這種使用者不多但歷史悠久的語系。南非荷蘭語、荷蘭語、英語、佛蘭芝語、及德語則屬西日耳曼語的幾個重要語言。丹麥語、冰島語、挪威語及瑞典語等北歐語系則屬北日耳曼語系。雖然這些不同語言使用者彼此不易溝通，不過詞匯的雷同處卻很明顯。

　　4.Take for example the two largest languageswith this group,English and German. The word Haus in German is house inEnglish,with nearly the same pronunciation. Some names of German family membersare instantly recognizable to English listeners and readers: Mutter,Bruder,andOnkel for the English mother,brother,and uncle (all German nouns arecapitalized in print). Other German family members are easily learned:Vater,Schwester,and Tante for the English father,sister,and aunt. Thus,thosewho know English and want to study German find their first year of learningvocabulary to be relatively easy. The same is true,of course,for those who wantto learn Dutch or Danish from an English or German background; these manysimilarities are due to the single common parent language of all the Germanictongues,even though this "grandfather" language no longer exists.

　　4.就拿日耳曼語系中英語及德語兩大語言來說吧，德文的Haus 就是英文的house,發(fā)音幾乎完全相同。一些德語家庭成員的稱呼如：Mutter,Bruder 和Onkel,懂英語的人很快地就知道這些字指的就是mother,bother 和uncle(德文的名詞一律大寫)。其它有關(guān)家庭成員名稱的德語說法也很容易學(xué)：像Vater,Schwester 和Tante 在英文里指的就是father,sister 和aunt。因此懂英語而想學(xué)德語的人，會發(fā)現(xiàn)初學(xué)詞匯的第一年是很容易的一件事。當(dāng)然，具有英語和德語背景的人要學(xué)丹麥語和荷蘭語也同樣是件易事。這些相似處乃因所有日耳曼語系皆源自共同的母語，盡管這個“爺爺級”的語言已不復(fù)存。

　　5.Speakers andwriters of the Germanic languages account for a great deal ofthe world's outputin everything from economics to literature to military to scienceandtechnology. Hardly an aspect of modern life does not benefit fromthecontributions made by those using these languages,as in theInternet,Hollywoodentertainment,Dutch (Phillips) and Scandinavian consumergoods design(Ericsson,maker of cellular phones,is a Swedish company,as areVolvo and Saab),and even the Nobel prizes (awarded by both Norwegian andSwedish institutes).More than one-third of the world's economic productionoriginates in thesecountries,too.

　　5.全球舉凡經(jīng)濟(jì)、文學(xué)、軍事乃至科技等方面的產(chǎn)品，有很多都是使用日耳曼語系的人所生產(chǎn)的�，F(xiàn)代生活幾乎各方面無不受益于這些人的貢獻(xiàn)，譬如互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，好萊塢娛樂事業(yè)，荷蘭(菲利普公司)和北歐的消費品設(shè)計(生產(chǎn)手機的愛利信公司就是瑞典的一家公司、富豪及紳寶汽車亦是瑞典的公司)，甚至諾貝爾獎(由挪威及瑞典學(xué)術(shù)機構(gòu)頒發(fā))。全世界的經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)量有超過三分之一也是源自這些國家。

　　6.For any speaker of a language outside theGermanic language grouppreparing to choose a useful second language for thefuture,English is probablythe best bet. German,too,is very useful in the fieldsof medicine,economics,military,and science and technology. Being able tocommunicate with others inthis far-reaching linguistic group will offer theuser immeasurable benefits.

　　6.對于那些非使用日耳曼語系的人而言，為了前途而準(zhǔn)備要選修第二種語言時，英文很可能是最佳的選擇。在醫(yī)學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事和科技方面，德語也是一樣管用。日耳曼語系影響深遠(yuǎn)，若能使用這種語言與該語系的人溝通將會帶來莫大的好處。

　　備考題二：

　　油氣生成

　　1. Petroleum is a result of thedeposition of plant or animal matter in areas which are slowly subsiding. Theseareas are usually in the sea or along its margins in coastal lagoons ormarshes, occasionally in lakes or inland swamps. Sediments are deposited alongwith the organic matter and the rate of deposition of the sediments must besufficiently rapid for the organic matter to be preserved by burial beforebeing destroyed by decay. As time goes on the organic material is buried deeperand hence is exposed to higher temperatures and pressures. Eventually chemicalchanges result in the generation of petroleum. Ultimately the subsidence willstop and may even reverse.

　　1.石油是動植物在緩慢沉降區(qū)沉積演化而成的。這些地區(qū)通常是在海里，或者在海邊的瀉湖或沼澤中，偶爾在湖泊或內(nèi)陸沼澤中。有機質(zhì)和沉積物一起沉積下來，沉積速度必須足夠快，才能使部分有機質(zhì)在腐爛毀壞之前埋藏保存起來。隨著時間的流逝和這個地區(qū)繼續(xù)慢慢下沉，有機質(zhì)埋藏德更深，從而處于更高的溫度和壓力之下。最后經(jīng)過化學(xué)變化生成了石油。而下沉最終會停止甚至可能反過來上升。

　　2. As the great weight of theoverlying rocks and sediments pushed downward, the organic material wassqueezed out of its original sedimentary mud into adjacent sandstones. Smallglobules of oil collected together in the pores of the rock and eventuallymigrated upwards through layers of porous rock. Indeed, some of it eventuallyreached the surface and collected in large pools of tar, which arecalled“seeps”or“shows”. However, some petroleum did not reach the surface.Instead, its upward migration was stopped by an impervious or impermeable layerof rock. It lay trapped in porous reservoir rocks, such as sandstone orlimestone, far beneath the surface.

　　2.由于上覆巖層的重量和沉積物的不斷下壓，迫使石油離開它們的出生地，運移到附近砂巖中。油滴聚集在巖石空隙中，最終通過空隙性巖層向上運移。最后，部分石油到達(dá)地面形成大的焦油池。石油到達(dá)地表的地方叫做“油苗”或“油氣顯示”。然而，一些石油不能滲透到地面，在向上運移時被一些不滲透的巖層阻擋，于是就圈閉在遠(yuǎn)離地面以下的空隙性儲油巖中，如砂巖或石灰?guī)r。

　　3. Four prerequisites arenecessary for oil and gas to accumulate in commercial quantities in an area:(1)Theoil originates in a source bed, and a marine shale, once a black mud rich inorganic compounds, is thought to be a common source rock. (2)The oil thenmigrates to a permeable reservoir rock, and to do this it may travel for longdistances both vertically and horizontally. Oil cannot move through the tinyopenings of the shale source beds rapidly enough to be extracted profitably.(3)A nonpermeable layer must occur above a reservoir bed. Since oil is lighterthan water, it tends to move upwards through openings and cracks until itencounters impervious beds that it cannot penetrate. The oil may then accumulatebeneath the impervious layers. Some gas occurs in solution within the oil, andif enough is present it separates out to occupy the uppermost region of such atrap. (4)A favorable structure must exist to concentrate the oil, andanticlines, salt plugs, and faults are common examples.

　　3.石油或天然氣要聚集到具有開采價值的數(shù)量，必須具備四個先決條件：(1)石油源于生油層，海相頁巖(曾經(jīng)是一種富含有機化合物的黑色軟泥)被認(rèn)為是一種常見的生油巖。(2)石油然后經(jīng)過長途垂直和水平運移，聚集到滲透性儲集巖中。在頁巖生油層的細(xì)小孔道中，石油不能快速流動，因而開采不經(jīng)濟(jì)。(3)在儲集巖層紙上必須有不滲透層。因石油比水輕，總是通過各種空隙和裂隙向上運移，直至遇到不能滲透的巖層才停止。然后石油就會聚集在非滲透巖層之下。石油中含有溶解氣，如果高于飽和度，溶解氣就會游離出來占據(jù)圈閉的最上部地區(qū)。(4)必須具備有利的構(gòu)造才能把石油聚集起來，背斜、鹽栓和斷層就是常見的例子。

　　4. Traps

　　4. 圈閉的類型

　　5. A trap is the place where oiland gas are barred from further movement. Geologists have classified petroleumtraps into two basic types: structural traps and stratigraphic traps.Structural traps are traps that are formed because of a deformation in the rocklayer that contains the hydrocarbons. About 80 to 90 percent of the knownpetroleum reserves occur in structural traps.

　　5. 圈閉是阻止石油和天然氣進(jìn)一步運移的地方。地質(zhì)學(xué)家把油氣圈閉分成了兩大基本類型：構(gòu)造圈閉和地層圈閉。構(gòu)造圈閉是由于含有碳?xì)浠�合物的巖層變形而形成的圈閉。大約80%~90%的油藏都發(fā)現(xiàn)于構(gòu)造圈閉之中。

　　6. An anticline, the simplest andcommonest form of petroleum accumulation, is an upward fold in the layers ofrock, much like an arch in a building. A porous and permeable reservoir rockmust be sealed above by an impermeable cover bed which is fine-grained,relatively impermeable bed such as clay, shale marl, or salt. Petroleummigrates into the highest part of the fold, and its escape is prevented by anoverlying bed of impermeable rock.

　　6. 背斜圈閉是一種最常見的簡單石油儲集類型，其巖石向上折起，形狀就像拱形的建筑物。在多孔滲透性儲集層之上必須要有細(xì)粒不滲透的蓋層封閉，如粘土、巖層、泥灰?guī)r或鹽。石油運移進(jìn)入褶皺的頂部，其上面的不滲透巖石便阻止了石油溢出。

　　7. Fault traps are also common.Again, there must be a porous and permeable reservoir rock that is sealed aboveby a fine-grained, relatively impermrable bed. But the real trap is provided bythe fault, which prevents further updip migration either by the fine-grainedmaterial in the fault itself or by the brining of a fine-grained relativelyimpermeable bed on the other side of the fault to the position that truncatesthe reservoir.

　　7. 斷層圈閉也是很常見的。斷層圈閉同樣也必須具有多孔可滲透儲集層和相對來說滲透性較差的細(xì)粒蓋層。但真正的圈閉是由斷層所形成的。由于產(chǎn)生了斷層，存在于斷層中的一些細(xì)粒物質(zhì)會使石油不能再繼續(xù)向上運移：另外，當(dāng)斷層切過儲油層時，斷層另一側(cè)不滲透細(xì)粒物質(zhì)層也會在儲油層被切斷的地方將油層封住，使石油無法繼續(xù)向上運移。

　　8. A salt dome formed when a massof salt flows upwards under the pressure resulting from the weight of theoverlying sediments. The salt dome bows up sedimentary beds and seals offdisrupted beds and so provides traps over and around the sides of the dome.

　　8. 上覆沉積物的重量所產(chǎn)生的壓力使大量的鹽向上蠕動，形成了鹽丘。鹽丘將沉積巖層向上拱成穹形，并封閉了斷開的巖層，這樣就在鹽丘的上面和周圍形成了圈閉。

　　9. The trapping mechanism ofstratigraphic traps is from stratigraphic rather than structural causes. Inthese, the essential features remain a porous and permeable reservoir rocksealed by a fine-grained relatively impermeable rock, but the configuration ofthese to form a trap arises from the particular sedimentary process and natureof the resulting sediments. The most obvious forms if stratigraphic trap arefossil coral reefs. In these, the voids in the reef reservoir contain thepetroleum which is prevented from leaking out by the clay or shale in which thereef is enveloped. These voids are not like the pore spaces in sandstonereservoirs, but more solution cavities and fractures. Production rates tend tobe much higher than from sandstone reservoirs. The frictional resistance tofluid movement tends to be much less, so there is better communication throughthe reservoir and it can be produced with fewer wells.

　　9. 地層圈閉主要是由地層的因素而不是由構(gòu)造的因素所造成的。地層圈閉的基本特點依然是多孔可滲透儲層被細(xì)粒相對不透水層所封閉，但是形成儲油構(gòu)造的那些地層圈閉的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)，則由特點的沉積過程和沉積物的性質(zhì)所決定。地層圈閉的最明顯的形態(tài)是古珊瑚礁，礁體儲層空間含有石油，而礁體被粘土或頁巖所封閉，因此，油就跑不掉。這些空間和砂巖儲油層中的空隙不同，有更多的溶洞和裂隙，其產(chǎn)油率也要比砂巖儲油層高得多。由于有了溶洞和裂隙，流體運動的摩擦阻力要小得多，因此石油在儲集層中更加易于流動。因而，開采時所需要的井?dāng)?shù)也比較少。

　　Words and Expressions

　　subside [səb'said]v.下沉，沉淀，平息

　　lagoon [lə'gu:n] n.瀉湖，礁湖

　　marsh [ma:ʃ] n.濕地，沼澤，沼澤地

　　sediment ['sedimənt]n.沉淀物，沉積

　　subsidence ['sʌbsɪdəns] n.沉淀，陷沒，下沉

　　globule ['glɔbju:l] n.小球，水珠

　　pore [pɔ:, pɔə] n.毛孔，小孔，氣孔

　　seep [si:p] v.滲出，滲漏

　　impervious [im'pə:vjəs] adj.密封的，不可滲透的

　　impermeable [im'pə:mjəbl]adj.不能滲透的`，不滲透性的

　　prerequisite ['pri:'rekwizit]n.先決條件adj.首要必備的

　　opening ['əupniŋ]]n.口子，穴，通路

　　anticline ['ænti,klain] n.背斜

　　salt plug n.鹽栓;鹽柱

　　bar from 禁止(接近〔做)…)

　　stratigraphic trap 地層圈閉

　　arch [a:tʃ] n.拱門，拱形

　　fine-grained ['faɪn'greɪnd] adj.有細(xì)密紋理的

　　marl [ma:l] n.泥灰，泥灰土，泥灰磚vt.撒泥灰土

　　updip [ʌp'dip] 上傾，沿傾斜向上的

　　brining [b'rɪnɪŋ] n.鹽浸處理

　　truncate ['trʌŋkeit] v.截去(園錐等的)尖端，把…截短

　　bow up 忍無可忍而反抗

　　seal off v. 把…封鎖起來

　　disrupt [dis'rʌpt] v.使中斷，使分裂

　　arise from 起于，由…出身

　　coral reef n.珊瑚礁

　　cavity ['kæviti]n.洞，空穴

　　frictional ['frɪkʃənəl] adj.摩擦的，摩擦力的

　　resistance [ri'zistəns] n.反抗，抵抗，抵抗力，阻力

　　10.The Dress Code forOffice Life

　　辦公室的著裝禮儀

　　1. Every office has a dress code，but in today’s casual workplace，they aren’t always written. Instead it is up to each individual to figure outwhat’s acceptable and what’s not. This actually makes it harder to dress appropriately,but fortunately most offices also send out a few signals.

　　1. 每個辦公室都有其著裝之道，但在當(dāng)今較隨便的工作場合中，著裝規(guī)則并不總是明文寫出。這就需要每位職員自己弄清楚什么是可以接受的，什么是不被接受的。這實際上增加了得體著裝的難度，但好在大多數(shù)辦公室也發(fā)出一些信號。

　　2. Start by taking a cue from others. Doeseveryone wear conservative suits? Then you’d best follow suit. Are jeans anddenim shirts the norm? Then it’s okay to go causal, although you may want to dressup a little the first few weeks when the boss is sizing you up. This is especiallytrue if the boss doesn’t dress down as much as everyone else does.

　　2. 先從別人身上尋得一些線索。是每個人都穿保守的套裝嗎?那你最好也穿套裝。牛仔褲和斜紋棉布襯衫是眾人常穿的嗎?那著裝隨便些是不成問題的，可在最初幾周內(nèi)老板還在品評你時，你可能需要著裝上心些。特別是如果老板并不像他人那樣著裝隨便時，你更需上心些。

　　3. Don’t buck the system. The more conservativeyour work place is, the riskier it is, in fact, to do this. Clothes areespecially important in button-down environments, and while this may leave you chompingat the bit to reveal the real you, the risk usually isn’t worthwhile.

　　3. 不要違反潮流。事實上你工作的地方越是保守，你違反潮流所帶來的危險也就越大。衣著在一絲不茍的環(huán)境中非常重要。你也許不愿受約束而想展示你的個人風(fēng)格，但為此冒險通常是不值得的。

　　4. Dress-Down Fridays

　　4. 輕松著裝的星期五

　　5. Nowadays in many companies there is a relativelynew office custom of dress-down Fridays. Yet people still seem to be unsure howto interpret it. Plus, even dress-down days have their unwritten rules.

　　5. 當(dāng)今在許多公司有一個比較新的辦公室習(xí)俗：在星期五輕松著裝。但對其如何界定人們似乎還不大有把握。況且即使是著裝輕松的日子仍有其不成文的規(guī)定。

　　6. Many people want to know if they actuallyhave to dress down. Some people are uncomfortable doing so or don’t think theylook their best in casual clothes. Let’s face it — a formal suit does stand outwhen everyone else is wearing sneakers and jeans, so you won’t to ignore the custom entirely. On the otherhand, if you like how you look dressed up, then do a little of both. Wear jeansor casual pants and a nice shirt and a jacket or a blazer. This way you won’tstand out, and you will still feel comfortable.

　　6. 很多人想知道他們是否真的要隨意著裝。有些人對隨意著裝并不習(xí)慣，或認(rèn)為他們穿便裝不能顯示出最好的精神面貌。說實話，如果別人都穿膠底帆布鞋和牛仔褲，你一身西服革履的確有些太顯眼，所以你恐怕不應(yīng)該全然忽視這一習(xí)俗。但在另一方面，如果你喜歡看上去精神利落，那就兩者都兼顧一些。下身穿牛仔褲或休閑褲，上身穿件講究的襯衫配夾克或?qū)捤傻耐庖�。如此著裝你便不會太突出，自己還依然感到舒服。

　　7. Don’t err too far in the other directioneither. Nowhere do dress-down days mean that you can come to work in your grubbiestclothes. Some clothes are never meant to be seen by your fellow workers. Officecasual typically means careMly tailored, well-made casual clothes. Leisuresuits, sweats, or exercise clothes are best left at home 一 or in your lockerat the gym.

　　7. 但也不要走到另一個極端。輕松著裝絕不意味著你可以穿皺巴不潔的衣服就來上班。有些衣服是絕不應(yīng)讓你的同事看到的。辦公室便裝往往指的是精心裁剪、做工講究的便裝。休閑衣、棉線衫、或運動服最好留在家里一或鎖在體育館的衣柜里。

　　8. Dressing Up for Work

　　8. 為工作精心著裝

　　9. Dressing up for work can just as hard as dressingdown. Dressy office Occasions include dinner with a client，dinner atthe boss’ s house, a banquet，aclient’s party，or an officeholiday. For women especially, dressy clothes for business occasions are notthe same as dressy clothes for purely social occasions. For work-relatedevents, it ’ s better to skip the low-cut or slinky dress. Wearing it mayforever change your image in ways you won’t particularly like. Opt instead forconservatively cut clothes in conservative colors. Skip anything with frills orlace (except for a top under a suit) — and skip the bright red minidress.

　　9. 為工作精心著裝與輕松著裝一樣不易，需要精心著裝的辦公場合包括與客戶共同進(jìn)餐，在老板家吃飯，參加宴會、客戶舉辦的晚會或辦公室節(jié)日等等。特別是對于女職員，為生意場合精心著裝與為純粹社交場合精心著裝并不一樣。在與工作相關(guān)的場合中，最好不要穿開領(lǐng)很低或質(zhì)地柔軟包身的裙子。穿了也許會永遠(yuǎn)地改變你在他人心目中的形象，那肯定也是你所不希望的。選擇式樣、顏色保守的衣服。不要穿那些有花邊或飾帶的東西(除非是套服內(nèi)的上衣)——也不要穿鮮紅的超短連衣裙。

　　Wordsand Expressions

　　denim ['denim] n.粗斜紋棉布

　　size up v.估計…的大小(或多少)，<口>品評，符合要求

　　buck [bʌk] n.<美口>元，雄鹿，公羊 v.沖撞，晃動

　　button-down ['bʌtəndaun] adj.〈美〉守舊的，溫文爾雅的

　　chomp at the bit躍躍欲試、急不可耐

　　blazer ['bleizə] n.顏色鮮明的運動夾克，宣布者

　　grubby ['grʌbɪ] adj.生蛆的，污移的，邋遢的，卑鄙

　　tailored ['teiləd] adj.剪裁講究的

　　banquet ['bæŋkwit] n.宴會

　　low-cut adj.低胸的，矮幫的

　　slinky ['sliŋki] adj.偷偷摸摸的，體態(tài)富于曲線的

　　particularly [pə'tɪkjuləlɪ] adv.獨特地，顯著地

　　opt [ɔpt] vi.選擇

　　conservatively [kən'sə:vətiv] adv.保存地，適當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

　　frill [fril] n.裝飾v.裝飾

　　lace [leis] n.飾帶，花邊，緞帶，鞋帶 vt.扎帶子vi.縛帶子

　　minidress ['mɪnɪdres] n.超短連衣裙

　　11.Smoking and Cancer <原11>

　　吸煙和癌

　　1. Americans smokesix thousand million cigarettes every year (1970 figures). This is roughly theequivalent of 4,195 cigarettes a year for every person in the country of 18years of age or more. It is estimated that 51% of American men smoke comparedwith 34% of American women.

　　1、美國人每年抽煙60億支(1970年的統(tǒng)計數(shù)字)。這大致等于每個18歲以上的人一年要吸4195支煙。據(jù)估計，美國有51%的男性吸煙，而女性吸煙的比例則為34%。

　　2. Since1939,numerous scientific studies have been conducted to determine whethersmoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent andindicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conductedstudies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking,particularlycigarette smoking,is associated with shortened life expectancy.

　　2、1939年以來，為了確定抽煙是否有害健康進(jìn)行了大量的科學(xué)研究。證據(jù)所顯示的趨勢是一貫的，并表明對人體的健康有嚴(yán)重的危險。許多研究小組進(jìn)行的研究不容置疑地表明，吸食煙草，特別是吸卷煙與預(yù)期壽命縮短有關(guān)。

　　3. Cigarette smoking is believed by mostresearch workers in this field to be an important factor in the development ofcancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related tocancer of the bladder and the oral cavity. Male cigarette Smokers have a higherdeath rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. (Female smokers arethought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke sodeeply.) The majority of doctors and researchers consider these relationshipsproved to their satisfaction and say,"Give up smoking. If you don'tsmoke-don't start!"

　　3、這方面的研究人員大都相信吸卷煙是產(chǎn)生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素，還認(rèn)為膀胱癌、口腔癌也與此有關(guān)。男性吸煙者的心臟病死亡率比不吸煙的高。(他們認(rèn)為女性吸煙者受影響小一些，因為她們吸煙不那么深。)大多數(shù)醫(yī)生和研究人員認(rèn)為，上述那些關(guān)系已得到令人滿意的證實，并且告誡說：“戒煙吧，如果你不會抽-那可不要學(xué)!”

　　4. Some competentphysicians and research workers-though their small number is decreased evenfurther-are less sure of the effect of cigarette smoking on health. Theyconsider the increase in respiratory diseases and various forms of cancer maypossibly be explained by other factors in the complex human environment-atmospheric pollution,increased nervous stress,chemical substances inprocessed food,or chemical pesticides that are now being used by farmers invast quantities to destroy insects and small animals. Smokers who developcancer or lung diseases,they say,may also,by coincidence,live in industrial areas,oreat more canned food. Gradually,however,research is isolating all otherpossible factors and proving them to be statistically irrelevant.

　　4、有些精通業(yè)務(wù)的醫(yī)生和研究人員-雖然這些人不多，并且人數(shù)在進(jìn)一步減少-不那么肯定吸卷煙對人體健康有影響。他們認(rèn)為呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病和各種癌癥的增多也許可以說是由于人類復(fù)雜環(huán)境中另外一些因素，即：空氣的污染、人們精神壓力的增大、經(jīng)過加工的食品中的化學(xué)物質(zhì)、或化學(xué)殺蟲藥引起的。農(nóng)民現(xiàn)在大量使用這些農(nóng)藥殺死昆蟲和小動物。據(jù)他們說，那些患了癌癥或肺病的人可能恰巧也住在工業(yè)區(qū)，或是吃了更多的罐頭食品。但是研究工作逐漸排除了其它因素的可能性，并且用統(tǒng)計數(shù)字證明這些因素是無關(guān)的。

　　5. Apart from thescientific statistics,it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobaccoactually does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases,vaporizedchemicals,minute particles of ash,and other solids. There is alsonicotine,which is a powerful poison,and black tar. As the smoke is breathedin,all these components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point ofconcentration is where the air tube,or bronchus,divides. Most lung cancerbegins at this point.

　　5、除了科學(xué)統(tǒng)計之外，研究工作還有助于認(rèn)清吸食煙草對人體的實際影響。抽煙產(chǎn)生的煙霧是一種混合的氣體，包括氣化的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，極小的灰末微粒和其它固體，還有毒性很強的尼古丁和黑焦油。當(dāng)吸進(jìn)煙時，所有這些成分就都沉淀在肺膜上。在氣管和支氣管分支的地方有一個集中點。大部分肺癌就從這里發(fā)端。

　　6. Smoking alsoaffects the heart and blood vessels. It is known to be related to Beurger'sdisease,a narrowing of the small veins in the hands and feet that can causegreat pain and lead even to amputation of limbs. Smokers also die much moreoften from heart disease.

　　6、抽煙也影響心臟和血管�，F(xiàn)已查明抽煙與伯爾格氏病有關(guān)。這種疾病使手腳的細(xì)靜脈不斷縮小，從而引起劇烈疼痛甚至?xí)��?dǎo)致截肢。抽煙者死于心臟病的也比不吸煙的人多得多。

　　7. While all tobaccosmoking affects life and expectancy and health,cigarette smoking appears tohave a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking. However,nicotineconsumption is not diminished by the latter forms,and current researchindicates a causal relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of themouth and throat. Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking tosome extent safer,but they can only marginally reduce,not eliminate thehazards.

　　7、盡管吸食各種煙草都會影響預(yù)期壽命和健康，但是抽香煙的影響要比抽雪茄和抽煙斗大得多。不過，后兩種并不能減少對尼古丁的吸食，并且當(dāng)編者注：本篇文章寫作日期較早。事實上，近年來美國吸煙人口比率以及吸煙量一直在持續(xù)下降。根據(jù)美國疾病預(yù)防與控制中心的報告，2003年美國抽煙人口比率已經(jīng)下降到21、6%。美國對吸煙有明確的法律規(guī)定：未滿21周歲的人不得吸煙;在公共場所，如圖書館、教堂、超市、飯店、公共汽車、地鐵等處不得吸煙。美國對煙草行業(yè)的征稅特別重，故煙價很高，這也是限制吸煙的重要措施。前的研究指出各式各樣的吸煙都和口腔癌、喉癌有某種因果關(guān)系。據(jù)稱過濾嘴香煙和低焦油煙草能使吸煙在某種程度上比較安全，但是這只能略微減少危害，而不能消除危害。

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