- 相關(guān)推薦
職稱英語備考語法分析
職稱英語考試事關(guān)工作前途，為了幫助廣大考生有效備考全國職稱英語理工類考試小編整理了職稱英語備考語法分析，希望對(duì)您通過職稱英語考試有所幫助!
何謂時(shí)、體、態(tài)
所謂時(shí)是指動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)所處的時(shí)間。分為過去、現(xiàn)在和將來。以下以我們前面講過的十大簡單句型為主線，系統(tǒng)講解，進(jìn)而對(duì)此有更深的理解。例：
1.主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語
1). Tom is a college student.
Tom was a college student.
Tom will be a college student.
2 )It is sunny today.
It was sunny yesterday.
It will be sunny tomorrow.
2. S +V+O 主語+謂語+賓語
Tom studies English now.
Tom studied English years ago.
Tom will study English.
3. S+V 主語+謂語
Tom studies hard.
Tom studied hard before.
Tom will study hard in the future.
4. S+V+Oi+Od 主語+謂語+間接賓語+ 直接賓語
Tom gives me a book.
Tom gave me a book.
Tom will give me a book.
5. S+V+O+S 主語+謂語(動(dòng)詞)+賓語+補(bǔ)語
Tom makes me sad.
Tom made me sad.
Tom will make me sad.
6. S+have+O 主語 +have+ 賓語
Tom has many friends.
Tom had many friends.
Tom will have many friends.
7. “there + be …”句型
There are some books on the shelf.
There were some books on the shelf.
There will be some books on the shelf.
8. 比較句型
1) A …than + B (比較級(jí))
Tom is taller than sally.
Tom was taller than sally.
Tom will be taller than sally.
Tom works harder than sally.
Tom worked hard than sally.
Tom will work hader than sally.
2) as…as… (原級(jí)比較)
Tom is as tall as sally.
Tom was as tall as sally.
Tom will be as tall as sally.
Tom works as hard as sally.
Tom worked as hard as sally.
Tom will work as hard as sally.
9. “It is + adj形容詞 + to do /從句”
It is important to learn English grammar.
It was important to learn Russin grammar.
It will be important to learn Russin grammar.
It is important that we learn English.
It was important that we learnt Russin grammar.
It will be important that we learn Russin grammar[Page]
所謂“體”，是指動(dòng)作在過去、現(xiàn)在和將來三個(gè)不同時(shí)間所處的狀態(tài)。即：常態(tài)、進(jìn)行或完成。那么就有了過去、現(xiàn)在和將來的常態(tài)、過去、現(xiàn)在和將來的進(jìn)行、過去、現(xiàn)在和將來的完成。注意，“體”所表達(dá)的主要是對(duì)動(dòng)作的描述，就“主—系—表”結(jié)構(gòu)而言，因?yàn)橹挥脕肀磉_(dá)靜態(tài)的事物，所以不存在進(jìn)行和完成的問題。我們通過以上例句做進(jìn)一步的說明：
1. 主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語
1). Tom is a college student.
Tom was a college student.
Tom has a college student.
2 )It is sunny today.
It was sunny yesterday.
It has sunny .
2. S +V+O 主語+謂語+賓語
Tom studies English now.
Tom is studying English now.
Tom was studying English at 8:00 yesterday.
Tom has studied English.
3. S+V 主語+謂語
Tom studies hard.
Tom is studiying hard.
Tom was studying hard before.
Tom has studied hard
4. S+V+Oi+Od 主語+謂語+間接賓語+ 直接賓語
Tom gives me a book.
Tom is giving me a book.
Tom was giving me a book at that time.
Tom gave me a book.
Tom has given me a book.
5. S+V+O+S 主語+謂語(動(dòng)詞)+賓語+補(bǔ)語
Tom makes me sad.
Tom made me sad.
Tom is making me sad
Tom has made me sad.
6. S+have+O (主語 +have+ 賓語)
Tom has many friends.
Tom had many friends.
Tom has had many friends.
所謂“態(tài)”，是指主被動(dòng)關(guān)系。即動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者和接受者哪個(gè)位于動(dòng)作的前面，動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者位于動(dòng)作的前面，就構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系。也就是我們前面舉的例子。若動(dòng)作的接受者位于動(dòng)作的前面，則構(gòu)成被動(dòng)態(tài)。出現(xiàn)這樣不同的語態(tài)，是由于表達(dá)和強(qiáng)調(diào)的需要，或沒必要指明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。請(qǐng)看例句及語態(tài)的變化形式：
一般過去時(shí)中的)被動(dòng)語態(tài)
被動(dòng)語態(tài)與主動(dòng)語態(tài)在使用上的區(qū)別。
讀一讀這兩個(gè)問題并回答。
Who built this bridge?誰修建的這座橋?
Prisoners of war built this bridge in l942.戰(zhàn)俘于1942年建的這座橋。
When was this bridge built? 橋是什么時(shí)候建的?
This bridge was built in l942.橋是1942年建的。
在第一個(gè)問題中我們想知道是誰建了這座橋，在第二個(gè)問題中我們想弄清有關(guān)橋的一些情況。因此，第一句使用了主動(dòng)語態(tài)，第二句運(yùn)用了被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
我們也可以講清是什么人修建的這座橋，用“by十動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者”的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示，我們可以說： ，This bridge was built by prisoners of war in 1942.這座橋是戰(zhàn)俘于1942年修建的。
仔細(xì)地閱讀以下幾對(duì)句子，每對(duì)中的第一句話告訴我們‘個(gè)人(回答“誰”)，第二句話告訴我們一件事(回答“什么”或“哪一個(gè)”)。
Workmen are building a new road outside my house.(Who)工人們正在我的房子外面修一條新路。
A new road is being built outside my house.(則，砒)我的房子外面有一條新路在建設(shè)之中。
The newsagent delivers our papers every moming.(Who)每天上午送報(bào)人來送我們的報(bào)紙。
Our papers are delivered every morning.(What)我們的報(bào)紙每天上午送到。
The postman delivered a letter this morning.(Who)今天上午郵遞員送來了一封信。
A letter was delivered this morning.(what)今天上午來了一封信。
時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成規(guī)律
英語通過對(duì)動(dòng)詞形式的變化來構(gòu)成不同的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。主要是使用be和have作為標(biāo)識(shí)，其構(gòu)成是有規(guī)律的。Be的作用是用來構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。Have 用來構(gòu)成完成時(shí)。兩者合起來與動(dòng)詞可構(gòu)成完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)�？蠢�(以work, follow為例)：
1)be：
They are working.(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行)
They were working.(過去進(jìn)行)
They will be working.(將來進(jìn)行)
They are followed. (現(xiàn)在的被動(dòng))
They are being followed.(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng))
They were being followed.(過去進(jìn)行的被動(dòng))
They will be being followed.(將來進(jìn)行的被動(dòng))
2) have
They have worked.(現(xiàn)在完成)
They had worked.(過去完成)
They will have work.(將來完成)
3) have + be:
They have been working.(現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行)
They had been working. (過去完成進(jìn)行)
They will have been working.(將來完成進(jìn)行)
The work has been done. (現(xiàn)在完成被動(dòng))
The work had been done. (過去完成被動(dòng))
The work will have been done. (將來完成被動(dòng))
The work has been being done. (現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行的被動(dòng))
The work had been being done (過去完成進(jìn)行的被動(dòng))
時(shí)態(tài)的比較
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
(1)I come from Shanghai.(上海人)
I have come from Shanghai.(從上海來)
(2)You read very well.(強(qiáng)調(diào)能力)
You've read very well.(強(qiáng)調(diào)一次剛完成的動(dòng)作)
(3) I forget.(一時(shí)想不起來了)
I have forgotten.(仍沒想起來，可能已回憶起來了)
(4) The book is written in simple English.(表狀態(tài))
The book has been written in simple English.(表動(dòng)態(tài)，已用英語寫成)
(5) Every time I see him，he's been reading.(兩個(gè)動(dòng)作不可能同時(shí)進(jìn)行).
Every time l have seen him，he's been reading.(強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行)
(6) He is gone.(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài))He has gone.(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作和時(shí)間)
(7) He won't come till the play begins.(演出開始時(shí))
He won't come till the play has begun.(戲已開始)
(8)AfterI leave school，I'11 go to college.(兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊密相接)
After l have left school，I'll go to college.(強(qiáng)調(diào)畢業(yè)后，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作可能有間隔)
(9) It is a long time since I saw you last.
It's been a long time since Isaw you last 這兩句話一樣，后一句是美國英語)
(10) Where are you?(在哪兒) Where have you been?(去了哪兒)
2.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1) He works hard.(強(qiáng)調(diào)始終如一) He is working hard.(強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在)
(2) What do you do?(干什么工作的) What are you doing?(在干什么)
(3) Here comes the bus!(表高興和欣慰) The bus is coming.(汽車到來的情景)
(4) I forget his name.I'm forgetting his name.(差點(diǎn)把他的名字忘了)
(5) You don't eat much.(強(qiáng)調(diào)胃口不大)
You're not eating much.(你怎么不吃呀。)
(6) The match starts at 7 0'clock.(比較固定，不宜改變)
The match is starting at 7 0'clock.(可以改變)
(7) Tom always comes late.Tom is always coming late.(表示不滿，責(zé)備)
(8) Tom goes to college now.
Tom is going to college now.(這兩句區(qū)別不大，后者更生動(dòng))
(9) I tell you.(我可以告訴你。)
I'm telling you.(我告訴你吧。有感情色彩)
(10) He always sleeps in the afternoon.(強(qiáng)調(diào)下午睡覺)
He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味著整個(gè)下午都睡覺了)
(11) I expect you to phone me.(幾乎等于命令)
I'm expecting you to phone me.(婉轉(zhuǎn))
(12) What do you say?
What are you saying?(你說些什么呀?表說話人驚訝，不滿)
(13) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果)
I'm finding that the book is too difficult for me.(強(qiáng)調(diào)過程，逐漸感到)
(14) Apples cost more these days.(強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí))
Apples are costing more these days.(越來越貴)
(15) He always thinks of others.(強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí))
He's always thinking of others.(表示贊揚(yáng))
(16) Whenever I see him，he argues with somebody.(強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先后)
Whenever I see him，he is arguing with somebody.(強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行)
(17) I hope you'll give us some advice.(語氣直白)
I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.(表示語氣婉轉(zhuǎn))
(18) I must go.(我應(yīng)該去。)
I must be going.(我該走了。)
(19) We can discuss this while we eat.(說話時(shí)沒用餐)
We can discuss this while we are eating . (進(jìn)餐已開始)
It's been a long time since Isaw you last 這兩句話一樣，后一句是美國英語)
(20) Where are you?(在哪兒) Where have you been?(去了哪兒)
5.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)
(1) I read a book yesterday.(書已看完)
I was reading a book yesterday.(書尚未看完)
(2) The guests arrived.(客人已到。)
The guests were arriving.(客人陸續(xù)到達(dá)。)
(3) He woke from a dream.(表示全醒)
He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)
(4) The o1d man died.(已死)
The o1d man was dying.(要死)
(5) John told me about it(告訴我了，我都知道了)
John was telling me about it(跟我談起過，我想了解更多的事情)
(6) They persuaded me to go along with them。(已經(jīng)說服)
They were persuading me to go along with them.(還在勸說)
(7)The wind blew hard all night.(強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí))
The wind was blowing hard all night.(強(qiáng)調(diào)風(fēng)刮個(gè)不停)
(8) I expected you.I was expecting you.(客氣，表示可能等了很久了)
(9) He knocked at the door.(強(qiáng)調(diào)一次性)
He was knocking at the door.(強(qiáng)調(diào)多次性)
6.一般將來時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1) Will he come? Is he coming?(時(shí)間發(fā)生的比較近)
(2) How long will you stay here?(表示意愿)
How long will you be staying here?(表示打算)
(3) She’ll have a baby.(表示肯定)
She's going to have ababy.(表示推測(cè)，計(jì)劃)
(4)I’ll see him this evening.(表示意愿)
I'm seeing him this evening.(表示打算，已有安排)
7.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)
(1) Do you wish to see me?
Did you wish to see me?表示婉轉(zhuǎn)，客氣
【職稱英語備考語法分析】相關(guān)文章：
職稱英語備考建議03-09
2職稱英語備考建議03-08
職稱英語考試綜合類語法分析01-22
職稱英語考試備考攻略03-07
2017職稱英語口語備考技巧03-12
2017職稱英語備考3個(gè)原則03-12
職稱英語備考技巧之單詞記憶方法03-08
備考2017年職稱英語必備高頻詞匯03-24