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會計英語之固定資產(chǎn)
中國《企業(yè)會計準則第四號——固定資產(chǎn)》和國際會計準則IAS16——Property Plant and Equipment對固定資產(chǎn)的確認、初始計量的規(guī)定,并分析中國《企業(yè)會計準則第四號——固定資產(chǎn)》和國際會計準則IAS16對固定資產(chǎn)后續(xù)計量的處理差異。需要指出的是,投資性房地產(chǎn)的會計處理與一般性固定資產(chǎn)的會計處理存在一些差異。因此,本期分析的固定資產(chǎn)準則不包括投資性房地產(chǎn)在內(nèi)。下面是yjbys小編為大家?guī)淼年P于固定資產(chǎn)的會計英語,歡迎閱讀。
1固定資產(chǎn)的含義和確認
(一)固定資產(chǎn)的含義
中國企業(yè)會計準則第4號《固定資產(chǎn)》中指出:"固定資產(chǎn),是指同時具有下列特征的有形資產(chǎn):
1.為生產(chǎn)商品、提供勞務、出租或經(jīng)營管理而持有的;
2.使用壽命超過一個會計年度。使用壽命,是指企業(yè)使用固定資產(chǎn)的預計期間,或者該固定資產(chǎn)所能生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品或提供勞務的數(shù)量”。
國際會計準則IAS 16(Property, Plant and Equipment)指出: Property, plant and equipment are tangible items that:
(a) are held for use in the production or supply of goods or services,for rental to others, or for administrative purposes; and
(b) are expected to be used during more than one period.
Useful life is:
(a) the period over which an asset is expected to be available for use by an entity; or
(b) the number of production or similar units expected to be obtainedfrom the asset by an entity.
(二)固定資產(chǎn)的確認
中國企業(yè)會計準則第4號《固定資產(chǎn)》第四條要求:“固定資產(chǎn)同時滿足下列條件的,才能予以確認:
1.與該固定資產(chǎn)有關的經(jīng)濟利益很可能流入企業(yè);
2.該固定資產(chǎn)的成本能夠可靠地計量。
國際會計準則IAS 16(Property, Plant and Equipment)對固定資產(chǎn)確認的表述如下:
The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment shall be recognised as an asset if, and only if:
(a) it is probable that future economic benefits associated with theitem will flow to the entity; and
(b) the cost of the item can be measured reliably.
2固定資產(chǎn)的初始計量
中國企業(yè)會計準則第4號《固定資產(chǎn)》第三章的第七條要求:“固定資產(chǎn)應當按照成本進行初始計量”,第八條要求:“外購固定資產(chǎn)的成本,包括購買價款、相關稅費、使固定資產(chǎn)達到預定可使用狀態(tài)前所發(fā)生的可歸屬于該項資產(chǎn)的運輸費、裝卸費、安裝費和專業(yè)人員服務費等”。第十三條要求:“確定固定資產(chǎn)成本時,應當考慮預計棄置費用因素”。
國際會計準則IAS 16(Property, Plant and Equipment)對固定資產(chǎn)初始計量的表述如下:
An item of property, plant and equipment that qualifies for recognition as an asset shall be measured at its cost.
The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment comprises:
(a) its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates.
(b) any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.
(c) the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located, the obligation for which an entity incurs either when the item is acquired or as a consequence of having used the item during a particular period for purposes other than to produce inventories during that period.
3固定資產(chǎn)的后續(xù)計量
我國會計準則和國際會計準則關于固定資產(chǎn)的后續(xù)計量存在差異。
(一)中國《固定資產(chǎn)》準則的規(guī)定
中國企業(yè)會計準則使用成本法進行固定資產(chǎn)后續(xù)計量。準則要求在對固定資產(chǎn)進行后續(xù)計量時,企業(yè)應當對所有固定資產(chǎn)計提折舊,并且定期進行資產(chǎn)減值測試。固定資產(chǎn)的賬面價值應該為初始成本減去累計折舊以及累計減值損失。
《固定資產(chǎn)》準則未規(guī)定可以使用重估價值法(revaluation model)進行固定資產(chǎn)的后續(xù)計量。
(二)國際會計準則(IAS 16)的規(guī)定
1.成本法與重估價值法
在國際會計準則(IAS 16)中,固定資產(chǎn)(property, plant and equipment)的后續(xù)計量有兩種方法:成本法(cost model)和重估價值法(revaluation model)。企業(yè)可以選擇其中一種方法進行會計處理。但是,IAS16要求,一旦選定固定資產(chǎn)后續(xù)計量的方法,需要將此方法運用于“整組固定資產(chǎn)”。
“An entity shall choose either the cost model or the revaluation model as its accounting policy and shall apply that policy to an entire class of property, plant and equipment.”
對于成本法的表述,中國會計準則和國際會計準則是類似的。IAS16中對成本法的表述是:“Cost model——After recognition as an asset, an item of property, plant and equipment shall be carried at its cost less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.”
IAS16中對重估價值法的表述包括:
第一,在國際會計準則中,重估價值法要求如果某一固定資產(chǎn)的公允價值可以可靠計量,那么該固定資產(chǎn)應當以公允價值在財務報表中列示。在重估價值法下,固定資產(chǎn)的列示價值應該為其在重新估計日的公允價值減去隨后的累計折舊和累計減值損失。
"Revaluation model——After recognition as an asset, an item of property, plant and equipment whose fair value can be measured reliably shall be carried at a revalued amount, being its fair value at the date of the revaluation less any subsequent accumulated depreciation and subsequent accumulated impairment losses."
第二,“重新估計”應該定期進行,以確保固定資產(chǎn)的賬面價值不會和報告期期末的公允價值存在重大差異。
"Revaluations shall be made with sufficient regularity to ensure that the carrying amount does not differ materially from that which would be determined using fair value at the end of the reporting period."
第三,如果一項資產(chǎn)的賬面價值因為重新估計而上升了,那么增加值應該計入其他綜合收益,同時累計計入所有者權益。但是,如果是由于固定資產(chǎn)減值的轉(zhuǎn)回產(chǎn)生的賬面價值增加,此增加值應該計入損益。
If an asset’s carrying amount is increased as a result of a revaluation, the increase shall be recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity under the heading of revaluation surplus.However, the increase shall be recognised in profit or loss to the extent that it reverses a revaluation decrease of the same asset previously recognised in profit or loss.
第四,如果一項資產(chǎn)的賬面價值因為重新估計而下降了,那么減少值應該計入損益。但是,如果此前該資產(chǎn)有由于重估導致賬面價值上升且將增加值計入了其他綜合收益,同時增加所有者權益的情況,此次減少值應首先抵減此前的增加值,即抵減之前增加的其他綜合收益,同時抵減之前增加的所有者權益。如果之前的增值部分不夠抵減,再將差值計入損益。
If an asset’s carrying amount is decreased as a result of a revaluation, the decrease shall be recognised in profit or loss. However, the decrease shall be recognised in other comprehensive income to the extent of any credit balance existing in the revaluation surplus in respect of that asset. The decrease recognised in other comprehensive income reduces the amount accumulated in equity under the heading of revaluation surplus.
2、整組固定資產(chǎn)
國際會計準則IAS16對何謂“整組固定資產(chǎn)”(An entire class of property, plant and equipment)進行了解釋。整組固定資產(chǎn)指在經(jīng)濟實體的運營過程中有相似性質(zhì)和用途的一組資產(chǎn)。
下面列舉一些“整組固定資產(chǎn)”的分類的例子:
(1)土地;
(2)土地和建筑物;
(3)機械;
(4)船舶;
(5)航空器;
(6)機動車輛;
(7)家私及器具;
(8)辦公設備;
(9)生產(chǎn)性植物
A class of property, plant and equipment is a grouping of assets of a similar nature and use in an entity’s operations.The following are examples of separate classes:
(a) land;(b) land and buildings;(c) machinery;(d) ships;(e) aircraft;(f) motor vehicles;(g) furniture and fixtures;(h) office equipment; and(i) bearer plants.”
在中國企業(yè)會計準則第四號《固定資產(chǎn)》中沒有 “整組固定資產(chǎn)”這個概念。
(三)中國《固定資產(chǎn)》準則不使用重估價值法進行后續(xù)計量的原因
從IAS16可以看出,重估價值法以公允價值為基礎,是公允價值計量屬性的體現(xiàn)和具體運用。為提供有助于決策的會計信息,國際會計準則的制訂和演變趨勢越來越強調(diào)公允價值計量。公允價值是活躍市場上的交易價格,以公允價值計量固定資產(chǎn)價值其實更吻合資產(chǎn)的定義中“預期能在未來給企業(yè)帶來經(jīng)濟利益”這一部分,可以更好地體現(xiàn)資產(chǎn)的本質(zhì)。針對國際會計準則公允價值計量的相關研究表明,在會計信息環(huán)境好、投資者保護水平高的國家和地區(qū),使用公允價值計量能夠提高會計信息的決策相關性、透明度、可比性和可信度。
我國《固定資產(chǎn)》對固定資產(chǎn)后續(xù)計量的成本法仍是盯住歷史成本,是歷史成本計量屬性的體現(xiàn)和具體運用。雖然我國的企業(yè)會計準則在不斷與國際會計準則趨同的過程中,越來越多的引入公允價值計量屬性,但是,在固定資產(chǎn)缺乏活躍交易市場的情況下,如果使用估值模型,主觀判斷的估值參數(shù)可能降低會計信息的可靠性、可比性。我國的會計信息環(huán)境、投資者保護的法律水平仍有待提高。因此,在與國際會計準則不斷趨同的過程中,我國準則對投資性房地產(chǎn)引入公允價值計量(投資性房地產(chǎn)的公允價值計量模式也與國際會計準則存在一些差異),但是,對除投資性房地產(chǎn)以外的固定資產(chǎn)的后續(xù)計量的屬性仍持謹慎態(tài)度,目前只能使用成本法。
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