(1) 單空單選:
這種題目跟現(xiàn)行的句子填空類(lèi)型完全一樣,且限定題干只有一個(gè)空格,答案為五個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)符合空格的正確選項(xiàng)。例1:Far from viewing Jefferson as a skeptical but enlightened intellectual, historians of the 1960’s portrayed him as ______ thinker, eager to fill the young with his political orthodoxy while censoring ideas he did not like.
an adventurous
a doctrinaire
an eclectic
a judicious
a cynical
此題解答有兩種途徑,一是從Far from體現(xiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系入手,空格應(yīng)該體現(xiàn)和skeptical but enlightened的含義相反的意思,故a doctrinaire符合要求;一是從eager to…入手,空格應(yīng)該體現(xiàn)“渴望給年輕人灌輸政治正統(tǒng)思想”的意思,答案仍然是“教條主義者”。
顯然,單空單選題的解方法是我們所熟悉和了解的,即從閱讀和邏輯分析的角度入手,分析與空格相關(guān)的內(nèi)容或者邏輯關(guān)系,從而推斷空格所填詞匯的含義或者感情色彩等。一般來(lái)說(shuō),當(dāng)題目只有一個(gè)空格的時(shí)候,題目的難度不會(huì)很大,因?yàn)閱我坏倪壿嬯P(guān)系比較容易辨別和推斷,對(duì)考生而言,障礙僅僅在句子閱讀和詞匯的選擇上。
(2) 單空雙選:
這類(lèi)題目在單空單選的基礎(chǔ)上增加了一個(gè)選項(xiàng),即每題一共有6個(gè)候選答案,但是要求考生選出兩個(gè)符合空格要求的正確答案。很顯然,被選出的答案應(yīng)該是一組同義詞或近義詞,甚至是兩個(gè)意思接近或感情色彩相同的詞匯。例2:A restaurant’s menu is generally reflected in its décor; however, despite this restaurant’s ______ appearance it is pedestrian in the menu it offers.
A. elegant B. tawdry C. modern D. traditional E. conventional F. chic
此題解答過(guò)程并不復(fù)雜,首先“despite”體現(xiàn)了對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系,因此空格要體現(xiàn)出和“pedestrian(一般的,平淡的)”相對(duì)的含義,因此A和F為正確答案。
單空雙選題和單空單選題在解答的思路上基本類(lèi)似,唯一的差別在于單空雙選題還需要進(jìn)行一次同義詞辨析。那么,是否存在這樣的可能,即直接看選項(xiàng)來(lái)選擇一組同義詞就是正確答案的呢?筆者認(rèn)為,從ETS的命題思路來(lái)看,這樣的情況幾乎不可能出現(xiàn),因?yàn)镋TS在填空題中不可能孤立地測(cè)試詞匯,而一定是以邏輯測(cè)試為主體的。如果直接通過(guò)詞匯判斷就能解答題目的話,那ETS綜合測(cè)試詞匯應(yīng)用和邏輯應(yīng)用的目的就不可能達(dá)到了。正如例2中一樣,如果單純考慮同義詞,D和E也是可以的,但是它們不符合句子中的邏輯關(guān)系,所以不能成為正確答案。
(3) 多空多選:
這類(lèi)題目是在現(xiàn)行句子填空中的雙空題基礎(chǔ)上改編而來(lái)的,但是和現(xiàn)行考試的題目相比,多空多組選題目的句子更長(zhǎng),所給的提示信息更多,邏輯關(guān)系更加容易判斷。但是,由于選項(xiàng)被獨(dú)立分組設(shè)置,空格之間的組合情況變得更多,所以考生在選擇答案的時(shí)候難度顯然增大了。
例3:There has been much hand-writing about how unprepared American students are for college. Graff reverses this perspective, suggesting that colleges are unprepared for students. In his analysis, the university culture is largely (i)______ entering students because academic culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and cultural references that students grasp. Understandably, many students view academic life as (ii)______ ritual.
Blank (i)
primed for
opaque to
essential for
Blank (ii)
an arcane
a laudable
painstaking
此題兩個(gè)空格是孤立的,可以分別通過(guò)與各自相關(guān)的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)進(jìn)行推斷?崭(i)可以通過(guò)第一、二句話的描述來(lái)進(jìn)行推斷,同時(shí)也可以用“because academic culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and cultural references that students grasp”進(jìn)行推斷,表示的是對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)“unprepared”的意思,即負(fù)面的評(píng)價(jià),所以答案為“opaque to”。同理,空格(ii)也要表明學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)生活“不理解”的態(tài)度,因此答案為“an arcane(known or knowable only to the initiate)”。 例4:Most artists maintain an attitude of (i)______ toward their own work. They know, better than any critic would know, how their art (ii)______ their ambitions. The artist would demand of his admirer, Do you really think this is the best I am capable of? Henri Cartier-Bresson’s dismissal of his life’s work in photography, however, is (iii)______: it seems almost contempt, or even hatred, not just for his achievement but for the medium itself.
Blank (i)
extraordinary hubris
irremediable disdain;
healthy disrespect
Blank (ii)
falls far short of
eventually transcends
subtly realizes
Blank (iii)
entirely comprehension
at another level altogether
at odds with his achievement
此題為包含三個(gè)空格,但是和例3不同的是它的空格不再是孤立的,而是存在相互的邏輯關(guān)系。首先從空格(ii)后的句子可以看出,藝術(shù)家對(duì)自己的能力是不確定的,是懷疑的,所以空格(ii)應(yīng)該體現(xiàn)出對(duì)“ambitions”的不確信和懷疑,即負(fù)面動(dòng)作。因此,空格(ii)答案為“falls far short of”。此時(shí),空格(i)應(yīng)該和空格(ii)體現(xiàn)同樣的含義,即“對(duì)自己的能力缺乏信心”,因此“healthy disrespect”為正確答案?崭(iii)則是相對(duì)孤立的,由它前面的“however”可以看出,空格(iii)要體現(xiàn)和前面兩個(gè)空格相對(duì)的含義,所以“at another level altogether”為正確答案。
由上述兩個(gè)例子可以看出,對(duì)于多空多選這樣的題目類(lèi)型,我們?cè)谔幚淼臅r(shí)候更需要關(guān)注邏輯關(guān)系,其中包括空格和已有成分的邏輯關(guān)系,以及空格與空格之間的邏輯關(guān)系。
而這些邏輯關(guān)系可能通過(guò)某些連接詞來(lái)體現(xiàn),也可能通過(guò)語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)來(lái)體現(xiàn)。這一類(lèi)型題目和現(xiàn)行的GRE填空題相比,更加注重對(duì)閱讀和邏輯推理能力的測(cè)試,它需要考生對(duì)每個(gè)空格都進(jìn)行判斷和推理,而不會(huì)出現(xiàn)目前考試中有時(shí)候存在的兩個(gè)空格只看一個(gè)就能解題的弊端。
新GRE填空題型所占的比例和老GRE考試相比明顯加大,從18%增加到了50%,即28道題目中有14道是句子填空。可見(jiàn),ETS正試圖通過(guò)填空這種考察方式,對(duì)考生的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用、邏輯推理、以及分析能力進(jìn)行綜合考察。