如果你準備考雅思，那么下面的這些寫作知識你必須知道而且你看到了這篇文章你就賺到了!
【About Ielts Writing】
三要素搞定小作文流程圖：
雅思小作文總共可以分成兩大類，分別是數據類小作文和非數據類小作文。
數據類小作文因為出現的比較早，大家基本上都知道如何下筆，而相較之下，比較晚“出生”的非數據類小作文，主要有流程圖和地圖題兩類，大家時常會覺得難以下筆，今天我們就來聊聊流程圖~
流程圖，英文叫Flow chart。flow是流動的意思，chart指的是圖表，因此流程圖小作文的本質是讓考生對某種事物的變化過程進行描述�？忌杂X得流程圖小作文不好得分，主要是由于圖中會出現若干“超級長難詞”，根本看不懂圖表在畫什么。而且許多動詞不知道如何表達，比如劍六中的蠶產卵，吐絲等。再者，主體段中連接手段的欠缺，導致一部分考生在考試時一遇到流程圖，只好感嘆自己命不好。
其實，流程圖小作文要想得分，關鍵在于考生能否抓住三個要素：用詞、銜接手段、時態(tài)和語態(tài)。
【得分要素一：用詞】
令眾多考生抓狂的事情莫過于圖中出現了n多的生詞，導致許多烤鴨在看完圖后心里都會冒出兩個問題：這畫的是神馬?好多單詞不認識怎么寫呀?其實，要想解決這兩個問題非常簡單。首先，如果讀題后發(fā)現根本不知題目所云，連圖表畫的是什么都不知道的話，不要著急，我們可以去抓圖表的大標題。因為大標題往往就是這個圖的描述對象。因此考生根本無需知道大標題什么意思，只要往主體段中照抄，即XXX由幾個步驟組成即可(置于主體段段首，作為總趨勢)。比如劍六的第三套題：
由于題目中出現了silkworm, silk cloth, life cycle等詞匯，很容易導致考生抓不住描述對象。其實，我們完全可以從流程圖大標題下手，提煉出描述對象，至于能不能看懂，根本不重要。
比如上圖中的大標題“Life cycle of the silkworm”就是描述對象。
production of silk cloth 也是描述對象。
提煉出描述對象后，在主體段第一句話直接寫Life cycle of the silkworm consists of five steps.即可，這樣一來便描述出了數據的總趨勢，而題目要求明確提出“Summarize the information”，總結數據總體趨勢。其次，出現好多生詞是正�，F象，我們根本不需要知道第一個圖中的moth，muberry leaf和larva是什么意思，只需要看出moth下了好多蛋，larva是吃muberryleaf長大的即可。至于下蛋，完全可以用produce這個動詞來表示，而吃則用eat來表示。完全可以滿足5.5分作文的要求。
【得分要素二：銜接手段】
高分作文與低分作文最明顯的一個差別就是低分作文很少使用連接手段對主題段內句與句進行連接。因此，大量而準確的使用連接手段，是提高分數最快的途徑之一。就流程圖而言，所謂的連接手段則是要在主體段內標明步驟。表明流程圖步驟的連接詞和連接短語現總結如下：
第一，第一步：Firstly, to begin with, in the first step, in the first place
第二，第二步：Secondly, next, at the second step, after that
第三，下一步：Thirdly, at the next stage, then
第四，最后一步：Fourthly, at the final step, lastly, finally
以上幾種連接手段用于步驟與步驟之間的銜接和過渡，在流程圖中使用，可以幫助考生提高段落內部的連貫性，使文章的層次感更加分明。
得分要素三：時態(tài)和語態(tài)
低分作文在時態(tài)語態(tài)方面經常誤用。流程圖小作文主要分為兩種，一種是動植物生命周期，比如上面的第一幅圖，還有一種是某種產品的加工工藝，比如上面第二幅圖。不管哪種類型的流程圖，在對過程進行描述時都不會牽扯到過多的時態(tài)問題，因此我們多用一般現在時。
而對于動植物生命周期的語態(tài)來說，動植物生命循環(huán)一般都是源于自身生長規(guī)律，比如蠶會自己生長、吐絲，然后破繭而出。這個過程不需要借助外力，因此這類圖多用主動語態(tài)，但也要注意隨機應變，比如蛋是被蛾子排出來的，這類情況下要用被動語態(tài)。對產品加工工藝這類圖而言，一定是人為進行的生產和加工，必須借助外力，產品不會自己生產出來。因此這類圖多用被動語態(tài)，
優(yōu)秀范文賞析(一)：
How to make chocolate
The diagram shows the stages in the process ofmaking chocolate.
【所有的小作文第一句話都要用一般現在時。流程圖必備三個詞：process：整個過程, stage：階段，step：步驟】
Chocolatecomesfrom the cacao tree, which is grown in parts of SouthAmerica, Africa and Indonesia.
【開頭不能沖上來就直接介紹cacaotree，而是通過主題詞chocolate引出，否則顯得太唐突】The tree produces large red pods which contain whitecocoa beans. Firstly, when the pods are ripe,they areharvested, the beans are removed and they are fermented for several days inlarge wooden boxes.
【三個句子的并列：“句子A，句子B and句子C”。】
During the fermenting process, the beans turn brown.
【流程圖特點之五：要 適當地添加個別圖中沒有交代但能從圖片中直接讀出來的的一些內容，否則可能達不到字數要求。但是一定要把握尺度，千萬不要加上自己的主觀觀點，否則會扣分】
Next,the brown beans are spread in the sun to dry. They arethen put in large sacks and transported by train or lorry. After this, the beans are taken toa chocolate factory where they are roasted in an oven at temperatures ofbetween 250 and 350 degree Celsius.
After beingroasted, the beans are crushed and the outer shell is removed. This part is notneeded for making chocolate. Finally, the inner part of the bean is pressedand liquid chocolate is produced.
優(yōu)秀范文賞析(二)：
Brick manufacturing
*Clay: type of sticky earth that is used for makingbricks, pots, etc.
【滿分范文】
The process by whichbricks are manufactured for the building industry can be outlined in sevenconsecutive steps. First the raw material, clay, which was just below thesurface of soil in certain clay-rich areas has to be dug up by a digger.
Then the lumps of clayare placed on a metal grid in order to break up the big chunks of clay intomuch smaller areas, which fall through the metal grid onto a roller, whosemotion further segregates the bits of clay. Sand and water are added to make ahomogenous mixture, which is then either formed in moulds or cut intobrick-shaped pieces by means of a wire cutter.
Those fresh bricks arethen kept in a drying oven for at least 24 and a maximum of 48 hours, severaldozens if not hundreds of bricks at a time. The dried bricks are thentransferred to a so-called kiln, another type of high temperature oven. Firstthey are kept at a moderate temperature of 200 ℃-1300℃. This process is followed by cooling downthe finished bricks for 48 to 72 hours in a cooling chamber.
Once thebricks have cooled down and have become hard, they get packaged and deliveredto their final destination, be it a building site or storage.
雅思寫作熱門題目盤點：
熱門雅思作文題目TOP 1：
A friend will visit Beijing. You will meet him at airport. But for somereason, you have to be late. Explain the reason. Since you haven't meet eachother, tell the friend where you will meet and how to recognize each other.
熱門雅思作文題目TOP 2：
More and more children's writing & math ability are affected bycomputers and calculators. We should limit the use of those tools. Disagree oragree.
熱門雅思作文題目TOP 3：
you have broke your leg and have to stayed in hospital. you received manycards and letters from your classmates. write a letter to tell them your detailof your position and thank them at the same time.
熱門雅思作文題目TOP 4.
Participating in a sport is as important for psychological health as it isfor physical conditions and social development.
熱門雅思作文題目TOP 5.
You live in a room in college which you share with another student. Youfind it very difficult to work there because he or she always has friendsvisiting. They have parties in the room and sometimes borrow your things withoutasking you. Write a letter to the Accommodation officer at the college and askfor a new room nest term. You would prefer a single room. Explain yourreason.
熱門雅思作文題目TOP 6.
Write to an English speaking college about qualification, accommodation,fee, what courses do you want to choose and why.
熱門雅思作文題目TOP 7.
You are accepted as an oversea student by an university. Before you go tothe university, write to the student officer and ask them sth about theaccommodation, the transportation,and the class schedule.
熱門雅思作文題目TOP 8.
You are a history teacher at a high school. You see an ad at the localnewspaper to introduce the local museum which coincidens with what you teachnow. Write to the museum officer and tell them that you want to bring yourstudents to visit it.
熱門雅思作文題目TOP 9.
Write a letter to your friend and express thanks for his present which wasbrought to you during you were ill at the hospital.
熱門雅思作文題目TOP 10.
The first car appeared on British roads in 1888. By the year 2000 there maybe as many as 29 million vehicles on British roads. Alternative forms oftransport should be encouraged and international laws introduced to control carownership and use. What do you think? Give reasons for your answer.
怎樣使雅思寫作簡潔又漂亮?
雅思寫作練習時，很多考生認為長難句能夠提升文章的語言質量并因此獲得更高的分數。
然而有時一味地追求句子的長度反而會犧牲句子的“可讀性”與“句法準確性”。
下面我們就來看一些例子，體會一些寫得并不成功的長句和怎樣修改的建議：
建議一：避免空洞的單詞和詞組
1.一些空洞的單詞或詞組根本不能為句子帶來任何相關的或重要的信息，完全可以被刪掉。
比如：When all things are considered, young adults of today live more satisfying lives than those of their parents, in my opinion.
這句話當中的“when all things are considered”和“in my opinion“都顯得多余。完全可以去掉。改為：
Young adults of today live more satisfying lives than their parents.
2.有些空洞和繁瑣的表達方式可以進行替換
例如：Due to the fact that our grandparents were under an obligation to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have at this point in time.
“due to the fact that”就是一個很典型的繁瑣的表達方式的例子，可以替換，簡化為下面的表達方式：
Because our grandparents were obligated to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have now.
建議二：避免重復
1.盡量避免重復使用同樣的詞匯�；蛘哂械臅r候雖然詞匯沒有重復，但意思卻有重復。這時候可以做一些簡化的工作。
例如下面這個例子：The farm my grandfather grew up on was large in size.
large對一個farm來說就是size方面的large，所以in size可以去掉，改為：
The farm my grandfather grew up on was large.
更簡潔的表達方式為：
My grandfather grew up on a large farm.
2.有時一個詞組可以用一個更簡單的單詞來替換
例如：My grandfather has said over and over again that he had to work on his parents' farm.
這里的over and over again就可以改為repeatedly，顯得更為簡潔：
My grandfather has said repeatedly that he had to work on his parents' farm.
建議三：選擇最恰當的語法結構
選擇合適的語法結構可以使句子意思的表達更為精確和簡練。雖然語法的多樣性也很重要，但選擇最恰當的語法結構仍然是更為重要的考慮因素。以下原則是在考慮選擇何種語法結構時可以參考的原則：
1.一個句子的主語和謂語動詞應該能夠反映句子中的最重要的意思。
例如：The situation that resulted in my grandfather's not being able to study engineering was that his father needed help on the farm.
從意思上來分析，上面這句話需要表達的重要的概念是“grandfather's not being able to study”，而在表達這個概念時，原句用的主語是situation，謂語動詞是was，不能強調需要表達的重點概念，可以改為下面這句話：
My grandfather couldn't study engineering because his father needed help on the farm.
2.避免頻繁使用“there be”結構
例如下面的句子：There were 25 cows on the farm that my grandfather had to milk every day. It was hard work for my grandfather.
可以改為：
My grandfather worked hard. He had to milk 25 cows on the farm every day.
更簡潔的句式為：
My grandfather worked hard milking 25 cows daily.
3.把從句改為短語或單詞。
例如：Dairy cows were raised on the farm, which was located100 kilometers from the nearest university and was in an area that was remote.
簡介的表達方式為：
The dairy farm was located in a remote area, 100 kilometers to the nearest university.
4.僅在需要強調賓語而不是主語的時候，才使用被動語態(tài)。
例如：In the fall, not only did the cows have to be milked, but also the hay was mowed and stacked by my grandfather's family.
本句不夠簡潔的原因是本句的重心應該是“忙碌的家庭-my grandfather's family”，而使用了被動語態(tài)後，彷佛重心變成了cows和hay。下面的表達方式是主動語態(tài)，相對來說更簡潔一些：
In the fall, my grandfather's family not only milked the cow but also mowed and stacked the hay.
5.用更為精確的一個動詞來代替動詞短語，
例如：My grandfather didn't have time to stand around doing nothing with his school friends.
Stand around doing nothing其實可以用一個動詞來表達，即loiter:
My grandfather didn't have time to loiter with his school friends.
6.有時兩句話的信息經過組合完全可以用一句話來簡練地表達
例如：Profits from the farm were not large. Sometimes they were too small to meet the expenses of running a farm. They were not sufficient to pay for a university degree.
兩句話的信息可以合并為下面這句更為簡潔的句子：
Profits from the farm were sometimes too small to meet operational expenses, let alone pay for a university degree.
七個需要注意的雅思寫作細節(jié)整理：
雅思寫作細節(jié)一、時間安排
雅思寫作要求考生在一個小時之內完成一篇至少150個單詞的說明文或信件(20分鐘)和一篇至少250個單詞的議論文(40分鐘)�？忌韬侠戆才艜r間。
疑問：先寫Task 1還是Task 2?
專家：建議考生先簡后難，Task 1 盡量控制在20分鐘內完成，然后安心寫 Task 2。所以考生在考前一定要多練多寫，掌握時間。
雅思寫作細節(jié)二、字數
雅思寫作字數是有下限的，但沒有上限，所以很多考生都有疑問，到底多少單詞的文章可以拿到高分。當然這沒有絕對的限制，但據統(tǒng)計看來，大多數的高分小作文字數都在180左右，而大作文也在280左右。
疑問：字數不夠怎么辦?
專家：就Task 1而言，說明該考生對圖表的分析能力還有待提高，多練習看圖審題構思。如果Task 2字數不夠，說明考生思路不開闊，論據無法擴展，考生需增加閱讀量，多看和雅思寫作話題相近的文章和精讀雅思范文來掌握論據擴展方法。
雅思寫作細節(jié)三、標題與格式
雅思的大小作文都不需要題目。雅思寫作有兩種格式：一是空行不空格式，即文章每段開頭頂格寫，段與段之間空一行;二是空格不空行，即除首段頂格外，文章每段開頭空五個字符，段與段之間不空行。
雅思寫作細節(jié)四、機經
雅思考試是非常系統(tǒng)而且專業(yè)的語言水平測試，它有著龐大的題庫，有些題目也會重復出現，所以考生可以通過了解以往考題，即機經充分把握寫作題型、話題等，為考試做好充分準備。
疑問：要不要背范文?
專家：背范文對提高考生的英語語言水平有很大幫助，但考生要明確背范文的目的是吸收其中的精華，如觀點、語言、結構等，而不是在考試時遇到相同題目全盤照搬，否則被考官發(fā)現，將影響最后的得分。
雅思寫作細節(jié)五、評分
大小作文在寫作中所占比例大約是6比4�？梢奣ask 2在最后寫作得分中所占比重較大，但也不能忽略Task 1。
疑問：卷面不整潔會否扣分?
專家：潦草的字跡和不整潔的卷面將在一定程度上影響考官理解文章內容，從而影響得分。
雅思寫作細節(jié)六、時態(tài)
圖表作文通常會給出特定的時間，考生要根據此時間決定文章的時態(tài)。通常情況下有以下三種情況：過去時間用一般過去式，現在時間或沒給出時間用一般現在式，預測用一般將來式。議論文根據內容確定時態(tài)。
雅思寫作細節(jié)七、學術類文章的一些文體注意事項
讓我們通過具體的例子來了解此類文章書寫和文體的特點
1. N2O wasn't produced until 1990, after which, its production grew rapidly.
雅思文章為正式文體，所以盡量不要出現縮寫，wasn't建議寫成was not 。
2. The bottles are first divided by color into clear, brown and clear ones which are then washed by high-pressurised water.
拼寫出現問題。在雅思寫作中，英式和美式拼寫都接受，但我們還是盡量做到兩者不混淆。如or和our,se和ze。or和ze為美式拼寫，而our和se為英式拼寫。
3. Nowadays, more and more people have private cars.
more and more詞匯過于簡單，我們可以用an increasing number of來替代。
4. Let all of us make great efforts to construct a more civilised China!
此句子喊口號，抒發(fā)情感。雅思大作文為議論文，不需要任何形式的情感抒發(fā)和口號，所以這句話不適合這樣的語言環(huán)境。
雅思大作文是不講道理的：
雅思大作文考的是議論文，即考查考生是否能夠在相對較短的時間內搜集論據，具體地論證自己的觀點。
另外，大作文的話題范圍也很廣，政府社會、工作、經濟、科技、教育等話題都會考到。
但對于長期接觸國內英語學習的學生來說，在寫作時仍然會摸不著頭腦，無處下筆。
因為中國考生很少考慮這方面的問題，學校老師也很少鼓勵對這些社會話題進行討論，造成考生想問題往往只能按照固定模式，因而論證非�？斩�、缺乏說服力。
中國考生在應對雅思作文時喜歡通過講道理來說明問題，但話題中并不是所有題目和內容都可以通過道理來說服他人的，比如關于“anti-social behavior”, 屬于道德范疇的話題，是很難用道理來講清楚的。所以，建議考生在備考時需要加強論據論證的能力，使其能夠很好地支持自己的觀點。
那么，應該怎樣對大作文進行有力的論證呢?最常用的方式就是解釋和例證，幾乎在每一篇雅思大作文中，都可以看見這兩種論證方法的身影。
如下面關于“work at home or study at home”的一段例證：
IBM, one of the business giants, has saved nearly 70 million US dollars in its northeastern region by promoting telecommuting, which has been a driving force to other enterprises to convert their normal working staff into telecommuters. Companies in Japan are one of them and plan to launch the scheme in 2009, which, in turn, spiritually wins more supports from the existing employees, and attracts new hires. 這段話中的2個例子(商業(yè)巨頭IBM和日本的企業(yè)計劃)都較好地完成了“若員工選擇在家上班，會對公司帶來積極的作用”這一證明。
此外，提醒考生們需要注意的是，雅思大作文明確指出“give reasons or examples from your own experience”, 這里的“your own experience”和“your personal experience”是完全不同的概念。前者是指通過個人的學習和總結而獲得的經驗，后者是指個人經歷或周圍某個個體的故事。如談到“working hard produces better results”, “your own experience”的例子一定是“some 3-year-high school students usually stay up late to review lessons and prepare for next day classes”, 而“your personal experience”的例子則應該是“my roommate, Tony has always been working hard on studies and staying up late every night”, 不難看出兩者的區(qū)別。故雅思大作文是不能使用個人案例的論據的，這一點與新托福的寫作也是不同的。
另外，數據論證也是一個重要的方法，同時也是國外文章中非常常見的。使用這種方式，需要注意兩點：數據和數據的來源。數據的真實性不重要，但至少要看上去是“真實的”。如：A survey by the latest Ministry of Labour’s opinion poll shows that more companies would like to open their doors to disabled people, as long as they can access to modern technology, and the rate has been increasing every year by 5% since 2003.
使用數據論證，提醒考生們不要刻意將數據夸張，這樣反而會降低數據的真實可靠性。常見的句型有“a survey by….shows that / a research by….finds out that / a study by….suggests that / Statistics by….conclude that…”省略號的部分是需要根據文章的內容來填寫的數據來源出處或機構。常用的機構包括：國外大學、學院、報紙、雜志、電視臺、之聲、網站、研究機構、民意調查等。我們按順序給大家做一個示范：the University of Sussex, Business College of several European countries, the USATODAY, state media CNN, BBC Talking Point, Childwise.com, American Institute for Research, Harris Interactive Poll等，考生可按照自己的情況，來準備幾個備選方案以供使用。
第三個常見的論證方法要數對比論證了。對比論證可以是一個東西或行為的正反面對比，也可以是一種現象的時間前后的論證。如下面關于“是否moving to regional areas”的例子：
Staffs used to complain about the crowded offices shared with climbing number of colleagues, the acute shortage of parking lots, the expensive luncheon, and the tedious civic landscape filled up with cement, steel rods and ceramic tiles. Now, companies can move to larger spaces, like industrial parks in the regional areas equipped with more personalized facilities, ranging from regular shuttle bus service, areas for relaxation, and more comfortable meeting rooms to hold a larger group of audience.
使用對比論證法可以讓段落的內容和字數大幅度提高。上面的這段論述，完全可以只寫搬遷到郊外辦公后對員工的利益;但是增加了前面“staff used to…”的內容，能夠加倍體現遷移的好處，前后形成一個鮮明的對比，增加文章的說服力。不過，需要特別注意的是，若使用不當，對比論證也可能讓文章變得乏味。比如上面的例子中，在“staff used to…”這段文字中講到了員工的種種抱怨(停車車位緊缺、午飯昂貴、辦公室狹小等)，如果在后面的利益中接著談搬遷到郊外后停車車位不緊缺、午飯便宜、辦公室寬敞等內容的話，大家不難發(fā)現這樣的論證其實是很無趣的。所以選擇對比論證法一方面可以增加論證的內容，另一方面也加大了考生尋找論據的難度，也就是說考生需要找不同方面的內容填塞到對比論證中。
以上介紹了幾種比較常見的論證方法，希望考生們能夠在大作文中以充分的論據進行論證，避免整篇文章都是空洞的大道理。
雅思寫作常見連接詞：
表示并列的雅思作文連接詞：First / s
句子： It seems that the experience we have in life are so unpredictable and so powerful, that they can boost or over-ride other influences, and there seems to be plenty of research findings to confirm this.
表示舉例的雅思作文連接詞：as, for example, for instance, in fact, such as, that is, to illustrate
句子： The majority of stars do not hold their top positions long. Sport stars and pop stars, for example, are soon replaced by the next younger, more energetic generation, while the good looks of most film stars quickly fade.
表示態(tài)度的雅思作文連接詞：strangely enough, undoubtedly, fortunately, unfortunately, most importantly, surprisingly
句子： However, reaching the conclusion that change is inevitable is not the same as assuming that "change is always for the better". Unfortunately, it is not always the case that new things are promoted because they have good impactson the majority of people
表層次:First; Second; What’s more; In addition; Apart from this; Last but not least;
表觀點: Personally; In my opinion; As far as I am concerned; As far as I know; What I want to stress is that…(我想強調的是…); … hold the opinion that… 某人持有…的主張;According to sb, …依照某人的觀點看,…;
表轉折: However, …… ; …., but …
表讓步: Although/ Though, …; Despite the fact that…;
表因果: Because/ As…..; Since/ Now that, …Therefore, …; …., thus,…; …., so…;
表遞進: not only…, but also…; …as well as;
表概括: In a word; In short; To sum up;
連詞 如but, and,后接句子，連接并列句時前面逗號可有可無。當然連詞也可放句首，這一點在考官范文里有很多體現。
例：In the past, populations were partly regulated by frequent war and widespread disease, but in recent years the effects of those factors have been diminished. (并列句中的連詞) 段落開始： But how should it be achieved ( 連詞放句首)
介詞 如before, despite：后接名詞或動名詞 例：Before talking about the essential role of death penalty, you have to think about the meaning, and the purpose, of any kind of punishment.
大作文模板Agree or disagree，使用需謹慎：
寫作中可以恰當的利用模板，但決不是一味的復制。
Introduction
Recent years have witnessed ………(背景)， which has aroused a heated debate of whether ……….(把要討論的話題引入進來) Views on this issue vary from person to person. From my point of view, before airing my own opinion, I do think it’s necessary to analyze / explore this thorny issue from different angles / both sides of this thorny issue.
Main body
Those who ………(正面觀點)tend to present the following reasons. To begin with, ……… In addition, ………. What’s more, ………
………..(盡量用不同的論證方法)
However, other people may examine / explore this issue from another angle. For one thing, ……... For another thing, ……. Furthermore, ……..
Conclusion
In conclusion, although it’s very difficult / hard to draw / come to / reach / arrive at an absolute conclusion to this issue, I would not hesitate to assent to the former / latter viewpoint because I’m fully convinced that ……
萬能開頭：
As Descartes(笛卡爾) once said:"If you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things"然后后面再加上你自己的模板："although the author's claim that...is not wholly insupportable, it would still be a mistake to draw the conclusion generally. In my observation...
以上這篇雅思作文模板僅供參考，本人并不贊成模板模式的寫作，大家的雅思作文還是要在不斷的練習不斷的更改中殺出一條血路來，最好不要套用模板，想要有滿分作文就要用自己的句子創(chuàng)造出漂亮的分數來。