1. 表轉(zhuǎn)折：
but, however, yet, in fact, on the other hand;
A, but B: 否定A而肯定B，則A，B兩部分內(nèi)容是相反的。
例如：Computerized data storage and electronic mail were to have heralded thepaper less office. But, contrary to expectations, paper consumption throughoutthe world shows no sign of abating .
解釋：paper less 表示負(fù)向，則but后no sign of abating 表示正向，所以abating是表示負(fù)向的詞。
總結(jié)：此種方法有利于在不認(rèn)識(shí)單詞的前提下讀懂句子意思，很有幫助，但一定要練習(xí)，而且要敏感。
練習(xí)：The marginal costs of generating electricity from nuclear energy may betiny, but , as the technology now stands, huge and uncertain costs are involvedin building the power stations, dealing with spent fuel, anddecommissioning.
2. 表讓步：
(1)although：although A, B:盡管有A，B還是出現(xiàn)了(A，B互不影響)若A是正，那B就是負(fù)的。
例如：Although the world regards Asia as the focus of an economic andindustrial miracle, without adequate supplies of food, Lampe says, chaos couldeasily result in many countries.
解釋：miracle奇跡，表正向,則but后的chaos是一個(gè)表負(fù)向的詞。
(2)while：五個(gè)含義：
A. although：雖然，盡管
B. as long as：只要
C. whereas, but：表轉(zhuǎn)折
D.when：當(dāng)。。。的時(shí)候
E. n. 表一段時(shí)間
例如：While ducks offer many advantages over hens, they must be given greaterquality of food, especially if regular eggs are desired.
解釋：原文在本段之前講鴨子的好，在本段之后講它的不好。
(3)Albeit：盡管，雖然
例如：Albeit true but not now.
3. 表并列：A and B
A...and B...
(1) 并列雙方性質(zhì)相同;
(2) 當(dāng)A、B都比較復(fù)雜時(shí)，應(yīng)該從最后一項(xiàng)找起，根據(jù)B的形式到前文找到A
例如：The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrowstreets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs,lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.
解釋：此句話中共有四個(gè)and ,第一個(gè)and 并列of 結(jié)構(gòu)，第二個(gè)and 并列fumes和toxic,第三個(gè)and并列taxicabs,lorries 和buses, 第四個(gè)and并列full of …, torn by… 和thronged…
4 表遞進(jìn)：沒有轉(zhuǎn)折的意思，后項(xiàng)承接上文。
A furthermore B
A moreover B
A besides B
A為正向，B 仍為正向。
5 表順序或過程：
(1) first, then, next, later on, finally
(2) 1st, 2nd, 3rd…
(3) in the first place, in the second place…
(4) before…, after…
(5) once, until, as soon as,…
6 特殊的關(guān)鍵詞：人名，地名，時(shí)間，數(shù)字，生詞(這是最好的定位標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，多以A---A形式重現(xiàn))
7.比較級(jí)：類比
對(duì)比
(1) as…as, like 類比
(2) more…than, unlike 對(duì)比
(3) 不同的時(shí)間導(dǎo)致強(qiáng)的對(duì)比關(guān)系
例如：一段講1840年,…
1919年.。。
二段講2003年出現(xiàn)了A++(生詞)…
問題是，2003年人們有了A++, 1840年的時(shí)候人們沒有什么?
(4) 不同的地點(diǎn)導(dǎo)致強(qiáng)對(duì)比關(guān)系
例如：In Australia, only,….
In Asia, many, A(生詞)
問題是，Australia缺什么?
8. 例如：A for example = ：=—— B
A是理論，B是解釋
9. 因果關(guān)系：
(1) 大因果關(guān)系/分句間因果關(guān)系(即：原因、結(jié)果是兩句話)
because, in that, as, since, for, so(that), therefore, thus, hence, as aresult
(2) 小因果關(guān)系/句內(nèi)因果關(guān)系(在一句話中，通過v.來(lái)表達(dá))
例如：Increased air temperature brought about higher sea levels.
Cause, lead to, result in/ from, contribute to, pose, help, create, affect,influence, attribute to.
Attribute A to B, 把A歸因于B (因?yàn)锽所以A)