多選題是雅思(課程)聽(tīng)力考試中一直存在的一種題型，雖然每次考試的題量不占大部分，但學(xué)會(huì)解決這種幾乎必考的題型也是很有必要的。本文中小編將對(duì)雅思聽(tīng)力多選題的解題難點(diǎn)和對(duì)策做詳細(xì)的分析。
一、同義替換
同義替換是聽(tīng)力選擇題的核心考點(diǎn)，多選題肯定也不例外，同義互換給考生造成的疑惑點(diǎn)也可想而知，如果沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂原文的意思，那么很難將原文相應(yīng)內(nèi)容與選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容對(duì)應(yīng)上，也就直接導(dǎo)致答案選不對(duì)甚至直接感覺(jué)答案都沒(méi)在聽(tīng)力原文里出現(xiàn)過(guò)。多選題和單選題很像，同義替換的位置不僅會(huì)在選項(xiàng)上，同樣也會(huì)在題干里面，而且同義替換的方式多變。
比如，劍橋4 Test2 Section3的第25, 26兩題：
What TWO disadvantages of the questionnaire form of data collection do the students discuss?
A. the data is sometimes invalid
B. Too few people may respond
C. It is less likely to reveal the unexpected
D. In can only be used with literate populations
E. There is a delay between the distribution and return of questionnaire
原文：
…………
ROSA: No, I’m sure it talked drawbacks as well, didn’t it? Something about the response rate and the problems you get if it’s too low. (B)
MICK: Yeah, but we only need data from five subjects anyway.
ROSA: I suppose so. Another drawback I remember it mentioned was that questionnaire data tends not to reveal anything unexpected (C), because it is……
我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，問(wèn)題當(dāng)中的disadvantage這個(gè)詞，換成了drawback, 還有選項(xiàng)B中的few替換成了too low。這些同義替換都是最基本的近義詞、同義詞間的互換。
而且這些同義替換都是常見(jiàn)的，重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的，所以難度不大。對(duì)于這樣的題目或者說(shuō)這樣的同義替換，考生們肯定要在平時(shí)多積累常見(jiàn)的同義替換的單詞、詞組，多去延伸某一個(gè)單詞的近義詞、同義詞。就拿上面那個(gè)例子當(dāng)中disadvantage=drawback的同義替換來(lái)說(shuō)，在劍橋3、劍橋7、劍橋9當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)了至少4次。
當(dāng)然也有同義替換難度比較大的，比如：劍橋6 Test1 Section4的第38, 39, 40三題：
Which THREE of the following problems are mentioned in the connection with 20th century housing in the East End?
A. Unsympathetic landlords
B. Unclean water
C. Heating problems
D. High rents
E. Over crowing
F. Poor standards of building
G. Houses catching fire
答案C, E, F在文中對(duì)應(yīng)的內(nèi)容為：
Houses were crowded closely together and usually very badly built. (F)
Few houses had electricity at this time, so other sources of power were used, like coal for the fires which heated perhaps just one room. (C)
A tiny, damp, unhealthy house like this might well be occupied by two full families, possibly including several children, grandparents, aunts and uncles. (E)
這樣的同義替換是一種概括總結(jié)型的同義替換，這樣的替換方式?jīng)]有辦法死記，因?yàn)槊看翁鎿Q的內(nèi)容都可以不一樣，不像近義詞同義詞的對(duì)等替換，概括總結(jié)型的同義替換是一種從屬性質(zhì)的替換，選項(xiàng)在意思上將原文內(nèi)容意思高度概括，從而達(dá)到一種對(duì)應(yīng)，這樣的替換不僅要求考生聽(tīng)懂原文當(dāng)中句子的意思，而且還要有同義互換的主動(dòng)意識(shí)，也就是說(shuō)要能夠在聽(tīng)懂意思的基礎(chǔ)上積極主動(dòng)的去思考聽(tīng)懂的信息是否與某個(gè)選項(xiàng)匹配。否則，很多考生就會(huì)聽(tīng)懂原文意思，但沒(méi)有反應(yīng)過(guò)來(lái)聽(tīng)懂的意思可以和哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)。
二、干擾
干擾其實(shí)不僅在多選題當(dāng)中有，單選題、填空題都會(huì)有干擾。在多選題中，干擾大多是選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與聽(tīng)力原文中的內(nèi)容部分甚至完全相同，但從符合題意的角度，該選項(xiàng)不能作為正確選項(xiàng)。簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)來(lái)就是聽(tīng)到但不能選。同義替換已經(jīng)很難了，為什么還要設(shè)計(jì)干擾作為另外一個(gè)難點(diǎn)?因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)候同義替換的難度不夠酸爽，再配上干擾，這樣對(duì)于劍橋來(lái)說(shuō)就完美了!干擾的情況在多選題當(dāng)中比較容易判斷，可以大致分為所有選項(xiàng)干擾、部分選項(xiàng)干擾以及問(wèn)題條件干擾。
首先以劍橋5 Test1 Section1的第5, 6兩題為例：
Which TWO things are included in the price of the tour?
A. Fishing trip
B. Guided bushwalk
C. Reptile park entry
D. Table tennis
E. Tennis
這題就是上面說(shuō)的所有選項(xiàng)干擾的一題，根據(jù)聽(tīng)力原文You guide will take anyone who is interested either on a bushwalk through the national park near the hotel, and there’s no extra charge for that, or on a fishing trip. That’s an extra $12 I think. And there is also a reptile park in town-that costs more or less the same. And if you just want to relax, you are free to sit by the hotel pool or go down the beach. Oh, they also have tennis courts at the hotel, but you have to pay for those by the hour. But there are table tennis tables downstairs, and they are part of the accommodation package…… A-E所有5個(gè)選項(xiàng)在聽(tīng)力原文當(dāng)中都出現(xiàn)了，如果沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂意思，而只是聽(tīng)單詞，這題難度就很大了，所以一定要關(guān)注符合題目“are included in the price of the tour”要求的選項(xiàng)。這種所有選項(xiàng)干擾的情況可以在審題的時(shí)候就預(yù)判出來(lái)，一般選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)單且不太容易做同義替換的時(shí)候，很容易出現(xiàn)所有選項(xiàng)都在聽(tīng)力中重現(xiàn)的情況，如果考生們能在審題時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)，從而提醒自己一定不能再聽(tīng)到什么就選什么，一定要關(guān)注符合問(wèn)題內(nèi)容的信息，這樣做對(duì)的幾率會(huì)大大增加。值得注意的是，在選項(xiàng)全部在聽(tīng)力原文中重現(xiàn)的這種多選題中，并非同義替換就不存在了，只是不在選項(xiàng)上了，同義替換的位置很有可能會(huì)在題干當(dāng)中，如上題，“are included in the price of the tour”就被替換成了2種說(shuō)法“no extra charge”和“part of the accommodation package”，且后一種同義替換的難度非常大，很多烤鴨都沒(méi)有反應(yīng)過(guò)來(lái)這是住宿打包費(fèi)用的一部分的意思，也就是費(fèi)用已包含的意思。其實(shí)，如果所有選項(xiàng)都在聽(tīng)力中重現(xiàn)，還可以用排除法去剔除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，剩下的就是正確選項(xiàng)了，也就是說(shuō)就算不知道“part of the accommodation package”的意思選不出E來(lái)，也應(yīng)該知道D. table tennis是需要pay by the hour的，也就是和“are included in the price of the tour”意思相反，A,C選項(xiàng)也可以用同樣的方式剔除。
再以剛剛提過(guò)的劍橋6 Test1 Section4的第38, 39, 40三題為例：
其實(shí)這題的難度遠(yuǎn)不止正確選項(xiàng)C, E, F的同義替換，如果我們看看所有選項(xiàng)以及題目相關(guān)的所有聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，其實(shí)這題也有干擾，這種情況就是上面說(shuō)的部分選項(xiàng)干擾，即不是所有選項(xiàng)都出現(xiàn)，只是其中幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)，并且有的具有干擾功能：
A. Unsympathetic landlords
B. Unclean water
C. Heating problems
D. High rents
E. Over crowing
F. Poor standards of building
G. Houses catching fire
A-G 7個(gè)選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)的所有聽(tīng)力原文內(nèi)容為：
Houses were crowded closely together and usually very badly built, because there was no regulation. But the poor and needy were attracted by the possibility of work, and they had to be housed. It was the availability, rather than the condition, of the housing that was the major concern for tenants and landlords alike. Few houses had electricity at this time, so other sources of power were used, like coal for the fires which heated perhaps just one room. Of course, the smoke from these contributed a great deal to the air pollution for which London used to be famous. A tiny, damp, unhealthy house like this might well be occupied by two full families, possibly including several children, grandparents, aunts and uncles.
不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，原文中有l(wèi)andlords一詞，這個(gè)詞也出現(xiàn)在了A選項(xiàng)中，構(gòu)成了干擾，尤其對(duì)于沒(méi)有聽(tīng)太清楚這個(gè)句子意思的考生，可能會(huì)想選A, 畢竟有個(gè)原文中出現(xiàn)的單詞，其實(shí)在選項(xiàng)字比較多比較容易做同義替換的多選題當(dāng)中，當(dāng)有選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容或者部分內(nèi)容原文重現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，這樣的選項(xiàng)不僅不能立刻認(rèn)為正確，而且還要慎重考慮是否會(huì)是干擾;“the smoke from these contributed……”，很多同學(xué)也會(huì)因?yàn)檫@個(gè)部分而選擇G, 因?yàn)榍懊嬲f(shuō)在房子里燒煤取暖，這里又說(shuō)冒煙，聯(lián)系起來(lái)自己腦補(bǔ)一下感覺(jué)可能是說(shuō)房子容易由于燒煤取暖而著火冒煙，因此這里的G也是一個(gè)干擾，且這個(gè)干擾對(duì)于水平稍好，能聽(tīng)懂一部分內(nèi)容而不是全部?jī)?nèi)容的同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)尤其具有迷惑性，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有之前的干擾方式那么簡(jiǎn)單粗暴的就將原文重現(xiàn)，而是疑似做了一下同義替換，這是比較難的一種干擾選項(xiàng)的出現(xiàn)方式，即根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容做了一部分的意思同義替換，但整個(gè)選項(xiàng)意思還是和原文不符的，這樣的干擾選項(xiàng)的排除就需要考生聽(tīng)懂不止是某幾個(gè)詞，而是整句話。
最后以劍橋6 Test4 Section3的第28, 29, 30題為例：
這道多選題除了剛剛說(shuō)的那些干擾和同義替換情況之外，還有另外一種干擾存在，這種干擾不是單純利用選項(xiàng)和聽(tīng)力原文的相似性進(jìn)行干擾，這種干擾還和問(wèn)題有關(guān)，也就是上面所說(shuō)的問(wèn)題條件干擾：
Which THREE topics do this term’s study skill workshop cover?
我們只看其中的選項(xiàng)A. An introduction to the Internet對(duì)應(yīng)的聽(tīng)力原文的內(nèi)容“the one for internet beginners was last term”和題目要求的this term相反，除此之外的部分與A選項(xiàng)的意思完全一樣，就是時(shí)間限制讓A選項(xiàng)成了錯(cuò)誤項(xiàng)、干擾項(xiàng)。而且，通過(guò)總結(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn)，問(wèn)題當(dāng)中最常充當(dāng)干擾內(nèi)容的就是時(shí)間限制條件，且這樣的干擾也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在單項(xiàng)選擇題當(dāng)中。因此，以后在問(wèn)題當(dāng)中看到表示時(shí)間限制的內(nèi)容要多加小心，原文中可能會(huì)有另一個(gè)時(shí)間限制。
三、分類
當(dāng)然，劍橋6 Test4 Section3的第28, 29, 30題可能不止是同義互換和干擾是難點(diǎn)，這個(gè)多選題難還因?yàn)轭}目的長(zhǎng)度：
Which THREE topics do this term’s study skill workshop cover?
A. An introduction to the Internet
B. How to carry out research for a dissertation
C. Making good use of the whole range of library services
D. Planning a dissertation
E. Standard requirements when writing a dissertation
F. Using the Internet when doing research
G. What books and technical resources are available in the library
讀完問(wèn)題和7個(gè)選項(xiàng)的時(shí)間只有差不多10秒鐘，這個(gè)時(shí)間顯然不夠，就算可以在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)讀完選項(xiàng)，在做題的時(shí)候，那么多文字內(nèi)容在邊聽(tīng)邊要做出選擇的時(shí)候也是一種巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。所以，在做多選題的時(shí)候，如果能給選項(xiàng)分類，那就可以大大減小邊聽(tīng)邊找選項(xiàng)的壓力，把需要看的選項(xiàng)縮小到一定范圍。不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，上題的7個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以分3類，一類里面有internet的A, F;一類是有dissertation的B, D, E;一類是有l(wèi)ibrary的C, G, 這樣一來(lái)，當(dāng)聽(tīng)力中提到比如internet的時(shí)候，我們就不用每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都去看是否符合，只需要去看A, F, 這樣大大減小了做題難度。
總之，從做題順序角度而言，多選題的解題對(duì)策可以簡(jiǎn)單概括成：看分類，看干擾點(diǎn)，聽(tīng)同義替換。把握住這3點(diǎn)，多選題一下子褪去了復(fù)雜的外衣，漏出本質(zhì)，更易得分。