同義轉(zhuǎn)換作為一種核心考察技能，在雅思考試聽說讀寫四門當(dāng)中都有著舉足輕重的位置�？谡Z和寫作需要同義轉(zhuǎn)換體現(xiàn)詞匯水平及語言的多樣性。聽力原文和題目之間也必然存在同義轉(zhuǎn)換以考核學(xué)員的聽力理解能力。本文，將就同義轉(zhuǎn)換在雅思閱讀中的形式及在雅思閱讀考試解題過程中的作用進(jìn)行探討。
一、詞的轉(zhuǎn)換
詞的轉(zhuǎn)換一般指的是只涉及單個(gè)單詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。單個(gè)單詞的轉(zhuǎn)換包括詞性轉(zhuǎn)換及同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換。其中詞性轉(zhuǎn)換是比較容易的一種，考生即便遇見不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞，也可以通過詞根詞綴進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。如劍6中原文出現(xiàn)diabetes，考生并不熟悉糖尿病這個(gè)詞匯，但是題目中使用的是diabetic。相信考生在定位的過程中遇見這樣的轉(zhuǎn)換不會(huì)出現(xiàn)太大的定位困難。另，在不帶選項(xiàng)的Summary題型中，介于其很多題目仍然以細(xì)節(jié)為主，詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換在解題的過程中常常是一個(gè)考察的主要技能。如，原文：Beyond this, it is also of paramount importance to recognize and understand the conventions of discourse structure, both generally and within specific subject areas.
題目要求：Complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of two words from the above paragraph to fill the spaces.
題目：To extract meaning quickly are effectively, it is also important to recognize conventional ___________ and the importance of the topic sentence and discourse markers. 這個(gè)Summary題目中的空格前的conventional 和原文當(dāng)中的conventions既是一對(duì)典型的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換形式。考生即使對(duì)于conventional這個(gè)詞不熟悉也可以根據(jù)詞性轉(zhuǎn)換的原則定位到原文相關(guān)的地方，對(duì)應(yīng)到相應(yīng)的答案the conventions of discourse structure。根據(jù)題目要求，答案的詞數(shù)限定為兩個(gè)詞，因此答案為discourse structure。
同義詞就另當(dāng)別論了。同義轉(zhuǎn)換如果以同義詞的形式出現(xiàn)就很考察一個(gè)考生的詞匯量了�？忌绻幕蝾}目中有任何一個(gè)詞不明白意思的話，都很有可能造成定位不到的情況或者出現(xiàn)理解上的誤差。如，
原文：Understandings of word order, and the significance of changes in word order, are vital. The anticipation and recognition of common, acceptable and essential collocations clearly help the process of extracting information and meaning.
題目要求：Complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of two words from the above paragraph to fill the spaces.
題目： Word order is very important in predicting and __________ the most usual combinations.
空格要填的內(nèi)容是并列結(jié)構(gòu)中的一部分�？忌谠闹卸ㄎ坏竭@一句的主題Word order之后，只要找到并列結(jié)構(gòu)中的predicting就很容易篩選出相關(guān)答案。但是動(dòng)詞的活躍性比較高。Predicting這個(gè)詞在原文當(dāng)中已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換，變成了anticipation。這個(gè)情況下，考生如果不熟悉anticipation的意思，將會(huì)比較難得出正確的答案 recognizing。另外這一題的空后也涉及到了一個(gè)同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換，combination和原文的collocation。考生在備考過程中如果做錯(cuò)了這樣的題目，應(yīng)該注意同義詞的積累。www.ExamW.CoM
二、詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換
詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換一般情況下是同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換的一個(gè)衍生。當(dāng)一個(gè)詞沒有辦法用另一個(gè)同義詞到位的解釋時(shí)，可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)用詞組解釋的情況。另外如果本身就是詞組的形式，那么一般來講還是會(huì)用詞組的形式進(jìn)行解釋。如劍5當(dāng)中的Text 4 Q36題目中的表述是 birds in temperate climates，而原文對(duì)應(yīng)的描述是temperate-zone birds.這種情況在T/F/NG當(dāng)中也有體現(xiàn)。絕大多數(shù)選TRUE的情況，原文和題目一定會(huì)經(jīng)過同義轉(zhuǎn)換，如，
原文：Computers are gaining in popularity, despite their cost.
題目：Computers are more popular than they used to be.
原文當(dāng)中的gaining in popularity題目中用more popular than they used to be作為替換。兩者在意思上市完全一致的統(tǒng)一轉(zhuǎn)換，所以答案為TRUE。
答案是FALSE的題目也可以通過同義轉(zhuǎn)換的比對(duì)來進(jìn)行判斷，
原文：Biologically, a species becomes extinct when its last individual dies.
題目：In biological terms, a species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists.
原文當(dāng)中的biologically用題目的in biological terms作為替換。Become則由is said to be作為替換。但是原文當(dāng)中的die在題目中變成了exist，直接相反的意思。介于最后這一處沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)正確的統(tǒng)一轉(zhuǎn)換，那么考生就可以判斷出此題是 FALSE。
三、句子的轉(zhuǎn)換
雅思閱讀考試?yán)锷婕暗降木渥愚D(zhuǎn)換一般是指句子結(jié)構(gòu)或語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換或者是對(duì)原文的概括，即用一兩句話對(duì)于原文的多句話進(jìn)行一個(gè)總結(jié)概括。語態(tài)變化主要是指主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)變。如，
原文：The Internet has often been criticized by the international society as a newly-emerging dangerous tool in the hands of terrorists.
題目：The international society has often criticized the Internet because it is not safe.
原文的被動(dòng)語態(tài)在題目當(dāng)中變成了主動(dòng)的語態(tài)。單是因?yàn)轭}目缺少了條件狀語in the hands of terrorists，所以題目的正確答案為NOT GIVEN。
句子轉(zhuǎn)換的另一種形式是對(duì)原文的總結(jié)概括。Summary或者T/F/NG題目當(dāng)中，有時(shí)候會(huì)出現(xiàn)原文和句子之間是總結(jié)概括關(guān)系。如，
原文：It has been proved that a rapid response leads to a great likelihood of arrest only if it is 1-2 minutes after a call is received by police. When the response time increases to 3-4 minutes, the likelihood of an arrest is substantially reduced.
題目：A delay of 1-2 minutes in response may have substantial influence on whether or not a suspected criminal is caught.
這道題目源自一片講反應(yīng)速度的文章。原文中的兩句話講述的內(nèi)容為，如果警察在接到電話后的1-2分鐘反應(yīng)，抓住罪犯的可能性就非常大;如果3-4分鐘反應(yīng)，拘捕的可能性就會(huì)降低。這樣的意思在題目當(dāng)中被概括為一句話，即延后反應(yīng)一到兩分鐘會(huì)降低抓住罪犯的可能性。