иԇ13(g)ȫ(sh)ڵĂ俼hСҽBxϣ(hu)(du)Ў
1иxҪxȫĆ?
ETSƬThe Life of An ItemV҂һ(g)x(xing)O(sh)Ӌ(j)ֹ“__e(cu)`e(cu)`”߀Ҫ_“all the passage is covered by items”xxȫģΰÿһ(g)x(xing)?
2W(xu)g(sh)(qing)иɿ(j)?
иԇxӢZ(y)Z(y)Ԝy(c)ԇ(yng)ԓעڜy(c)ԇW(xu)“Z(y)”쿼“W(xu)g(sh)֪R(sh)”ԓ(wn)}ETSаl(f)(jng)F.Robinشf(shu)иҲCriterion-Referenced|(zh)@ɱʹÌW(xu)g(sh)õČW(xu)ڿԇռЃ(yu)(sh)
3P(gun)Iʲô?
ETSu(png)B.SuomiŮʿ˼Ļشdeveloping your ideaҲLJ@^c(din)(})M(jn)жչ_(dng)Ȼǰǵ^c(din)_ӢZ(y)(li)
4ʲôǿԇеy}?
ETSu(png)B.SuomiŮʿJ(rn)A difficult item requires sophisticated reasoning or understanding of a high level concept not because it tests obscure or esoteric matter
5ܲx?
“иxµL(zhng)ȱc}Ŀ(sh)ƥ”@x}ĿO(sh)Ӌ(j)ԭt“xo(w)UԒ”mETSxԇҪˈDxҪ܉xȫIJ}P(gun)ϢЩͬW(xu)f(shu)“Mx꣬Ǵ_(sh)xôk?“ ETSB.SuomiŮʿĽhȻŬx£keep reading keep practicing
6?jn)?sh)Ҫ?
ETSu(png)J.Bardشǿ϶ġx}Ҳܿ錑ǿ鲻(li)productivityֻʹ^}ʽܿW(xu)λr(sh)g(ni)Įa(chn)@ҲZ(y)ҪwF(xin)|(zh)?jn)?sh)ͬҪZ(y)ͬ
SadekŮʿf(shu)?jn)?sh)Խe(cu)ĿԾԽŶ!(d)300DZ^ǡ(dng)?sh)һƪ²ڌ˶֣չ_ՓC}Ŀ(Topic development is the most important issue here) ͬr(sh)еf(shu)No memorized language! ҪģŶ!
7(f)h(hu)۷ֆ?
ETSŮ醾팣Kimf(shu)ǵ(f)hǞ醾Ĺƽԣ(f)hĴ}oµϼ(j)醾õijɿ(j)пܸڵڻԭгɿ(j)Xؔ(ci)һ(zi)(f)hL(fng)U(xin)X֔(jn)
8ܶͬW(xu)˛_ķ^ƫ}y}ό(du)(du)?
Ҫ^(q)e(du)ETS}Federic Robin_f(shu)If we intend for an item to be difficult we make certain that it is difficult because it requires sophisticated reasoning or understanding of a high-level concept not because it tests obscure or esoteric matterҲf(shu)@(g)y}߉(f)s߸(li)(zhn)@ǿԽܵr;@Щy}?yn)?ni)ݻޝ?yun)WҊ(jin)ô@N}һ҂ҪԵIJ
9ɷ(j)^ؼ(li)ų“O~R”x(xing)?
?yn)ٷڳ}ĕr(sh)ѽ(jng)(hu)x@Щ~oYxˡFederekf(shu)“Distracters(wrong options) should not include specific determiners(“always”/“never”)”
10(li)(du)ÿһx}?
x}ĵһx(du)ǽ^(du)܃HHMڵһһҪŪÿ(g)_x(xing)_ԭͬr(sh)ÿһ(g)e(cu)`x(xing)e(cu)`ԭETS}AshmoreV҂}ĕr(sh)@ôģᘌ(du)ÿһ}һҪѴ𰸵ԭضx_(li)
Articulate why each distracter(wrong option) is wrong
Consider whether you could defend the key(right option) to an examinee
11(x)(ji)}Dzһ(hu)Ҫļ(x)(ji)?
Щ߅߅߅ǵļ(x)(ji)ɲܕ(hu)?
ETSنTJefff(shu)ÿһ}ĿO(sh)Ӌ(j)(li)ĕr(sh)}߶(hu)(wn)ԼDoes the item measure something worth measuring or is it trivial and unimportant?O(sh)Ӌ(j)F(tun)(du)Ўׂ(g)ɆTxtĕ(hu)@(g)}Ŀڳ}ĕr(sh)Ҳ(hu)O_x(xing)?yn)length complexityor diction stand out
12Z(y)@NsubjectiveĿԇƽ?
a.ÿһ(g)Z(y)responseǶһ(g)rater((sh)ETSvf(shu)17350(g)raters)(li)ĵDZSC(j)ķֽoͬraters(li)ģ@ӾͿԴpͬһ(g)rater(du)(yn)(du)ɶӰijһ(g)˵ķ?jn)?sh)M(jn)Cƽ
b.Z(y)ģǴ_еv˷һοпZ(y)dz(bio)(zhn)ҲdzǾ܇AԒmڶ(g)}ĿĴ](mi)Ќ(sh)|(zh)(ni)ݣıٽo˺ܵ͵ķ?jn)?sh)
13Z(y)ԇе¼?
ٸV҂ஔ(dng)test takersڿZ(y)ԇĕr(sh)(hu)f(shu)I hate ETS.You make my life miserable.I am so mad about you (dng)(wn)ж@ӵtest takersr(sh)ٟo(w)εЦЦf(shu)more than you could expect