托福閱讀對于學生的能力要求比較高，大家要在60分鐘的時間里讀完三篇學術文章并回答后面的問題。為了幫助大家備考，小編收集了托福閱讀中必須要會的100個短語/詞組，希望大家可以認真記憶。

　　1. a couple of 兩三個，幾個

　　Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later.

　　2. account for 解釋

　　Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance.

　　3. adapt to 使適應于

　　They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.

　　4, adorn with sth 用…裝飾

　　Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.

　　5.appeal to 吸引

　　Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both children and adults

　　6.apply to 適用于

　　Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960’s.

　　7.at best 充其量，最多

　　Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits.

　　8.at intervals 相隔一定距離

　　However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual.

　　9.at the expense of sth 在損害…的情況下

　　A multitude of microorganisms make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures.

　　10.at the height of sth 在…最鼎盛時期

　　The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.

　　11.back and forth 來回地

　　They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly.

　　12.be absent from 缺席，不在

　　Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women line were not considered an important force in history.

　　13.be capable of 能…的

　　Many animals are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools.

　　14. be characterized by 以…為特征

　　The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain.

　　15.be composed of 由…組成

　　Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.

　　16.be concerned with 與某事物有關

　　Ethnology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its Evolutionary history.

　　17.be distinct from 與…不同

　　Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets

　　18.be essential to 對…不可缺少

　　Public performance is essential to verbal art.

　　19.be exposed to 使接觸，使遭受

　　Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air.

　　20.be far from 離…很遠，根本不是

　　But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration.

　　21. be hostile to 極不友好的，極厭惡的

　　Ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans

　　22.be regarded as 被認為是

　　Humanity's primal efforts to systematize the concepts of size, shapes, and number are usually regarded as the earliest mathematics.

　　23.be related to 與…有關的，相聯(lián)系的

　　Why is dancing closely related to popular music in the United States?

　　24. be responsible for 對…負責

　　In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce.

　　25. be sensitive to 對…敏感的

　　Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals.

　　26.be subjected to 經(jīng)歷，遭受

　　Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum.

　　27. be superior to 優(yōu)越于

　　Natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones

　　28 .be traced to 找出根源

　　The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

　　29. be/become aware of 意識到，認識到

　　People became aware of the new service by word of mouth or newspaper advertisements.

　　30. be/become/get accustomed to 習慣于

　　In the harsh environment of northern Europe, Scandinavian women had been accustomed to practicing forms of shifting cultivation, and they immediately understood Native American horticulture.

　　31. be/become/get involved in 與…有關聯(lián)的

　　Two distinct processes are involved in molting.

　　32.benefit from 從…中受益

　　Students benefit from schools, which require long hours and homework.

　　33.break down 分解

　　All of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become clay.

　　34.by far 到目前為止

　　Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils.

　　35.by means of 通過，憑借

　　The topic of the passage is developed primarily by means of Adividing the discussion into two major areas.

　　36.by virtue of 由于

　　Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular characteristics

　　37.confine to 限制在一定范圍之內

　　The delivery service was at first confined to cities.

　　38.conform to 符合

　　Parks should be designed to conform to the topography of the area

　　39.contribute to 有貢獻，有助于

　　Transportation contributed to the development and maintenance of trade.

　　40.cope with 對付

　　Under certain circumstance the human body must cope with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure.

　　41.date back to 始于

　　In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.

　　42. depend on 依靠

　　The gulls depend on the falcons for protection.

　　43. deprive sb/sth of sth 剝奪..某事物

　　Plant stems die when deprived of water.

　　44.derive from 獲得，起源于

　　Babies obviously derive pleasure from sound input.

　　45.due to 由于，因為

　　Due to their dense structure, iron meteorites have the best chance of surviving an impact, and most are found by farmers plowing their fields.

　　46. evolve from/out of 從...進化來，從…發(fā)展來

　　The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.

　　47.extract from 提取

　　It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath.

　　48.feed on 以…為食物

　　Predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals.

　　49.focus on 集中(注意力)于

　　They focus on the meaning of their parents' words.

　　50. get rid of 處理掉

　　Atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without any outside intervention.

　　51.give access to 向…開放

　　To connect the pueblos and to give access to the surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces.

　　52.give birth to 使誕生，引起

　　Most insects lay eggs, but some give birth to live young.

　　53.give off 發(fā)散，發(fā)出

　　If Jupiter were larger, it would give off much less heat.

　　54.give rise to 引起，導致

　　The musical Renaissance was too short to give rise to a new musical style.

　　55.go beyond 超過，越過

　　An interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons.

　　56.go out of business 停業(yè)，關門

　　The shop went out of business.

　　57.have nothing to do with 與…無關

　　A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt.

　　58.impart to 傳授給

　　They functioned as sanctuaries where the elders impart tribal lore to the younger generation.

　　59.impose on 強加于

　　New regulations were imposed on nontraditional education.

　　60.in common 共同

　　No two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common.

　　61.in favor of 贊同，支持

　　The artist was in favor of a traditional style of painting.

　　62.in quantity 大量，大批

　　There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means.

　　63.in season 當季

　　Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season.

　　64.in spite of 盡管，任憑

　　In spite of problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation many panel paintings have survived.

　　65.in the absence of 在缺乏…的情況下

　　The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities.

　　66.in view of 由于

　　In view of the rate at which the radio sources emit energy, they should disappear in a few million years.

　　67.instead of 代替

　　Instead of working with light, however, he worked with microwaves.

　　68.invest in 投資

　　He started to invest in the town’s cultural development.

　　69.lead to 導致，引起

　　In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves that will lead to biological devastation.

　　70.leave out 排除

　　Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered.

　　71.off the mark 不正確

　　This analogy is not far off the mark.

　　72.on behalf of 代表

　　Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth.

　　73. on the basis of 在…的基礎上

　　Antoine Lavisher, on the basis of careful experimentation, was led to propose a different theory of burning

　　74.owing to 由于，因為

　　Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils, owing to the incredible richness of marine life.

　　75.perceive sth as sth 認為

　　Although art deco in its many forms was largely perceived as thoroughly modern, it was strongly influenced by the decorative arts movements that immediately preceded it.

　　76.pick up 學會

　　Adults make it as easy as they can for babies to pick up a language by exaggerating such cues.

　　77.put off 推遲

　　Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time.

　　78.regardless of 不顧

　　Ultimately, literature is aesthetically valued, regardless of language, culture, or mode of presentation.

　　79.result from 因..而產(chǎn)生

　　Most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding.

　　80.result in 結果，導致

　　The upward movement of fieldstones should result in pure soil.

　　81.set about 開始，動手

　　African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States.

　　82. set aside 留下將來用

　　Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial development.

　　83.so far 到目前為止

　　The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far.

　　84.sort out 把…分類

　　Clay particles are sorted out by size and weight.

　　85.spring up 涌現(xiàn)

　　In the early colonial day in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline.

　　86.stem from 起源于

　　It can be argued that much of New York City’s importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation.

　　87.stretch out 伸展，伸出

　　The residues from these explosions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to form dark ribbons.

　　88.strive for 為…而奮斗

　　As they began to strive for social and cultural independence，their attitudes toward themselves changed.

　　89.take account of sth./take sth into account 考慮到

　　Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.

　　90.take advantage of 利用

　　Many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.

　　91.thanks to 由于

　　kiwis smell out earthworms thanks to nostrils located at the tip of their beaks.

　　92.to some extent 某種程度上

　　Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them.

　　93.turn out 結果是，證明是

　　Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic.

　　94.usher in 宣告…的來臨

　　Autumn could be ushered in by severe frost.

　　95. wear away 磨損

　　Natural forces wear away the Earth's crust

　　96.wipe out 消滅，肅清

　　Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting.

　　97.with respect to 在…方面

　　The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting.

　　98. with the advent of 隨著…的出現(xiàn)

　　With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers during the late 1970's, part of the answer became clear.

　　99.with the aid of 借助于

　　It is now taught with the aid of computers.

　　100.with the exception of 除..以外

　　With the exception of printing patterns directly onto the cloth, whether by block, roller, or screen, all of these are based on dyeing; that is, the immersion of the fabric in a dye bath.