GMAT邏輯推理題型中,歸納推理(Inductive Reasoning)可謂一大難點(diǎn),很多考生因無(wú)法理解歸納推理中的必要條件(Prerequisite/Necessary Condition ),往往在這種題型上失分較多。從其定義上看,歸納推理是由個(gè)例推向一般的一種推理過(guò)程。自然界中,任何特定現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生都有其解釋的理由,或者說(shuō)都依賴于多個(gè)不同的條件才能發(fā)生,而我們的確難以找出某一特定事物存在或發(fā)生的所有條件,根據(jù)這一認(rèn)為,GMAT邏輯推理只要求我們尋求一個(gè)支持或是反對(duì)段落推理的答案,當(dāng)然這種支持或反對(duì)條件只是一種相對(duì)的使結(jié)論成立的可能性增加或減少的條件而決非使命題結(jié)論絕對(duì)正確的條件。
針對(duì)GMAT邏輯試題的歸納題,我們有理由相信我們所面對(duì)的命題推理完全正確,因?yàn)檫@是考試,如放在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,則可能又是另外一番情景,然而GMAT考試中歸納推理題僅向我們提供了少數(shù)幾個(gè)必要條件,因此我們只要從這僅有的幾個(gè)少數(shù)條件中推出正確答案即可。歸納推理從邏輯角度上未必正確,例如,假如張三曾經(jīng)遇到來(lái)自B鎮(zhèn)的所有人舉止都非常怪異,那么他便可以構(gòu)建這樣一個(gè)歸納性結(jié)論----居住在B城的所有人舉止也是怪異的,這一推理與其說(shuō)其錯(cuò)誤倒不如說(shuō)完全體現(xiàn)了歸納推理的一個(gè)特點(diǎn):由特殊推得一般。如果某一現(xiàn)象A存在,必然有現(xiàn)象B作為其存在的原因(條件,那么我們就說(shuō)現(xiàn)象B是現(xiàn)象A存在的必要條件,換句話說(shuō),如果沒(méi)有現(xiàn)象B,那么現(xiàn)象A也就失去了存在的理由(條件),我們?cè)谶@里可以將必要條件理解為是滿足特定要求的必不可少的條件,例如,要想實(shí)現(xiàn)民主,就必須賦予人民自由。
下面就讓我們通過(guò)實(shí)例對(duì)考生在假設(shè)推理的過(guò)程中容易出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行解析。
無(wú)法找出題干中討論對(duì)象之間的本質(zhì)關(guān)系
例:A thorough search of Edgar Allan Poe’s correspondence has turned up not a single letter in which he mentions his reputed morphine addiction. On the basis of this evidence it is safe to say that Poe’s reputation for having been a morphine addict is undeserved and that reports of his supposed addiction are untrue.
Which of the following is assumed by the argument above?
(A) Reports claiming that Poe was addicted to morphine did not begin to circulate until after his death.
(B) None of the reports of Poe’s supposed morphine addiction can be traced to individuals who actually knew Poe.
(C) Poe’s income from writing would not have been sufficient to support a morphine addiction
(D) Poe would have been unable to carry on an extensive correspondence while under the influence of morphine
(E) Fear of the consequences would not have prevented Poe from indicating in his correspondence that he was addicted to morphine.
上述題干中提到:一、研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Poe的信件中未提及他患有嗎啡癮;二、Poe沒(méi)有嗎啡癮
本題極力在讓考生從“對(duì)Poe的信件調(diào)查[證據(jù)]→Poe未患有嗎啡癮[結(jié)論]”找出兩者的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,5個(gè)選項(xiàng)中也給出了不同的假設(shè),那么我們只需通過(guò)反推,來(lái)找出一種能夠使得推理成立的假設(shè)條件即可,但考生往往會(huì)拋開(kāi)“信件調(diào)查”去思考其他使得上述結(jié)論正確的條件(假設(shè)),換句話說(shuō)考生往往會(huì)認(rèn)為除了對(duì)信件的調(diào)查這樣一個(gè)證據(jù)以外,還可以有其他證據(jù)能夠推出Poe未患有嗎啡癮。通常來(lái)講,當(dāng)一個(gè)推理是從一個(gè)我們已知的,已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事實(shí)推斷出一個(gè)結(jié)論的時(shí)候,我們需要記住的就是,其中的隱含假設(shè)多為這個(gè)結(jié)論的唯一原因,換句話說(shuō),在本題中要想對(duì)Poe的信件做出說(shuō)明,那么我們只能假定Poe不會(huì)因害怕后果而不在其信件中提及對(duì)嗎啡的嗜好,本題的正確假設(shè)選項(xiàng)為E.