一、重點(diǎn)寫(xiě)作話(huà)題
成功的要素： 31%
Do people achieve greatness only by finding out what they are especially good at and developing that attribute above all else? (2007-10)
Do highly accomplished people achieve more than others mainly because they expect more of themselves? (2009-1)
現(xiàn)代、過(guò)去對(duì)比： 14%
Do incidents from the past continue to influence the present? (2008-5)
Do advertisements contribute to unhappiness and dissatisfaction? (2012-5)
從眾、原創(chuàng)： 28%
Is it important to question the ideas and decisions of people in positions of authority?(2006-10)
Is it always best to determine one's own views of right and wrong, or can we benefit from following the crowd? (2007-5)
動(dòng)機(jī)類(lèi)： 7%
Are people's actions motivated primarily by a desire for power over others? (2008-5)
真話(huà)假話(huà)： 5%
Does the truth change depending on how people look at things? (2006-5)
選擇類(lèi)： 10%
Are we free to make our own decisions or are we limited in the choices we can make?(2006-5)
Do small decisions often have major consequences? (2010-5)
其他： 5%
Do people place too much value on newness?
Do we place too little value on privacy?
二、SAT 語(yǔ)法機(jī)經(jīng)之：賜你一雙火眼金睛——“逆向思維”
SAT 語(yǔ)法必考!!
一.挑錯(cuò)題 劃線(xiàn)考點(diǎn)：
1.動(dòng)詞劃線(xiàn) ： 考點(diǎn)： 主謂一致( only 倒裝;主謂分隔); 時(shí)態(tài)(虛擬語(yǔ)氣);特殊動(dòng)詞變形;only 倒裝：
1. Only by tapping (A) their last reserves of energy were (B) the team members able to salvage (C) what was beginning (D) to look like a lost cause. No error (E)
正確答案選擇： E。 only 倒裝主句倒裝從句不倒裝;
主謂分隔 S,X,VO;
1.The newly elected (A) Prime Minister, to the dismay (B) of opponents from other parties, have argued (C) for the strict regulation of (D) campaign financing. No error (E)
虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1.表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況：
從句： If 主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去時(shí)(Be 動(dòng)詞用 were)
主句：主語(yǔ)+should/would/could/might+do
2.表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況
從句： If 主語(yǔ)+had+done
主句：主語(yǔ)+should/would/could/might+have done
3. 表示對(duì)將來(lái)情況的主觀(guān)推測(cè)
主句：主語(yǔ)+should +do
從句： ①if+主語(yǔ)+were to do
�、趇f+主語(yǔ)+should/would/could/might+do
�、踚f+主語(yǔ)+did(動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式) /were
IF 省略倒裝
當(dāng)虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含有 were ,should ,had 時(shí)， if 可以省略，這時(shí)條件從句要用倒裝語(yǔ)序，即 把 were ,should ,had 等詞置于句首，這種多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)。
eg： Should he agree to go there ,we would send him there.
要是他答應(yīng)去的話(huà)，我們就派他去。
Were she here ,she would agree with us.
如果她在這兒的話(huà)，她會(huì)同意我們的。
在一些表示愿望、建議、請(qǐng)求、命令等含義的動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞原形或\"should+動(dòng)詞原形\"表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
一堅(jiān)持 insist
二命令 order command
三建議 suggest advise recommend
四要求 ask, demand, request, require;
1.For our hike, my two companions and I(A) had chose (B)to walk along the Appalachian Trail, one of(C) the oldest and best-loved (D)hiking paths in the United States. No error.(E)
2.形容詞/副詞劃線(xiàn)： 考點(diǎn)：形容詞/副詞誤用;不可抗力(形近詞辨析);
Not many (A) authors have described (B) the effects of environmental pollution as effective as (C) Rachel Carson, whose work is still a model for (D) nature writers. No error (E)
3.介詞：考點(diǎn)：固定搭配 比如： in recognition of ; resistance to ;differ from; caused by….
(詳見(jiàn)后面的固定搭配附表)
Like many (A) people, Luanne believes that parents can foster musical ability in small children out of (B) playing (C) classical music for them while they are (D) infants. No error (E)
4.代詞： 考點(diǎn)：互相指代;歧義;主賓格誤用
1. The oldest(A) examples of alphabetic writing discovered so far are(B) almost 4,000 years old, but, because they are (C)written in an obscure alphabet, it(D) cannot be translated completely. No error(E)
2. Damselflies closely (A) resemble dragonflies except that(B) when at rest an adult
damselfly holds its wings parallel to the (C) body, while a dragonfly holds theirs(D)
perpendicular to the body. No error(E)
5.同類(lèi)對(duì)比關(guān)鍵詞(unlike， than， compare ; as adj, as; similar etc.)
1.Unlike several decades ago, today's librarians teach students to evaluate the accuracy and objectivity of online resources in addition to helping them find particular books.
(A) Unlike
(B) Unlike them of
(C) Unlike those of
(D) Contrary to
(E) Contrary to those
6.more/ most: 通過(guò)比較個(gè)數(shù)來(lái)判斷到底用比較級(jí)還是最高級(jí);
1. Ants, butterflies, and bees first appeared (A)during the Cretaceous period, the more recent (B)of the three geologic periods during which (C)dinosaurs lived(D). No error (E)
7. to do so VS to be so ;
That (A)the country is now politically stable and economically robust and will(B) almost
certainly continue to do so(C) is(D) no longer seriously doubted. No error.(E)
二. 句子優(yōu)化題
1.邏輯主語(yǔ)(懸掛結(jié)構(gòu))
懸掛結(jié)構(gòu)句式：
X,S+V+(O)
1. Acting on a tip from an anonymous informant, a cache of counterfeit money and stolen credit cards were seized by federal agents during a raid on a local nightclub early yesterday morning.
(A) a cache of counterfeit money and stolen credit cards were seized by federal agents
(B) a cache of counterfeit money and stolen credit cards was seized by federal agents
(C)there was a cache of counterfeit money and stolen credit cards that federal agents seized
(D)federal agents would seize a cache of counterfeit money and stolen credit cards
(E)federal agents seized a cache of counterfeit money and stolen credit cards.
何為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是指在句子中不是謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，主要包括不定式、 動(dòng)名詞和分詞( 現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞)，即動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞除了不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)外，可以承擔(dān)句子的其他成分。
To do (不定式) 表目的;
Doing(伴隨;修飾);
Done(被動(dòng));
2.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu);
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的模式是：
主格名詞/代詞+分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語(yǔ)
范例：
1.A thick growth of sunflowers standing ten feet tall, their brown heads drooped over the fence with the weight of their seeds.
A. standing ten feet tall, their brown heads drooped
B. standing ten feet tall, their brown heads drooping
C. standing ten feet tall, and their brown heads droop
D. stood ten feet tall, their brown heads drooping
E. stood ten feet tall, and their brown heads drooping
三. 常設(shè)“坑爹” 陷阱：
1.特殊動(dòng)詞變形：
have/ has/ had+ 過(guò)去式(wrote; took; chose; swam ; ect.)
2.強(qiáng)調(diào)句：
it be + 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)+ when;
it be + 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)+ where;
例題：
It was not until 1982, the year two major supermarket chains began (A) replacing paper bags with (B) plastic ones, when(C) the use of plastic shopping bags became(D)
widespread. No error (E)
3.固定搭配必考：
be rooted in 起源于
Succeed sb to do sth 接替某人干某事;
Succeed sb as sb’s place 接替某人的位置;
深植于Sb make sense of sth
Sth make sense ;
Sth is a condition of sth
Copy with 處理;
Interest in doing sth;
Cause by;
Be oblivious of 不顧
With regard of 考慮到;
Put question to sb
Differ from
Account for 解釋;
關(guān)于 to do 是不定式的固定搭配：
threat to do
want to do
desire to do
forbid sb to do sth = prohibit sb from doing sth
tendency to do sth
tend to do sth
be able to do sth
be capable of doing sth
have ability to do
adhere to n. 堅(jiān)持;粘附;擁護(hù)，追隨
distinguish A from B 把 A 跟 B 區(qū)分;
advocate of n.
Advocate to do sth /doing 提倡干某事 v.
change of n.
Change to do sth v.to do 是針對(duì)....的改變
Change of of 表示關(guān)于...的改變;
Offer of sth n.
Offer to do v.
On the verge of 在...的邊緣 n.
in the hope of n.
hope to do sth v.
mistrust in sth /of sb
in recognition of
consider sb as ...把某人認(rèn)為....
consider by 被某人認(rèn)為
familiar with sth 熟悉某事
familar to sb 熟悉某人
Compare to 不同類(lèi)比較
Compare A with B 同類(lèi)比較
compare...with...把……和……比較(常表示同類(lèi)相比，比較)
compare...to...把……比作……(常表示異類(lèi)相比，比喻)
�、貺et's compare this photo with that one. 讓我們把這張照片和那張照片作一下比較。
②Children are often compared to happy birds. 孩子常常被比喻成幸福的小鳥(niǎo)。
collaborate with sb 與...合作
inconsistent with adj. 與…不一致;與……相矛盾
preoccuption with 專(zhuān)注于干某事=be absorbed in
be prohibited from doing ;被禁止做某事
no one can help doing sth =can not help doing 忍不住干某事;
condemn as .... 把...譴責(zé)為...
know as = know to be
particular in 尤其是...
particular about 挑剔
of descent 是...的子裔
descent from 由…傳下來(lái)的;起源于
be supposed to do 應(yīng)該干某事
Comply by regulations 遵守規(guī)定
TO 是介詞的固定搭配;
be sensitive to doing
In addition to doing
Limite to doing
Dedicate to doing
Contribute to doing
Attribute to doing
Devote to doing
resistance to sth 對(duì)....的抵抗
Take a approach to doing
leave somewhere for somewhere 離開(kāi)某地去某地 eg:leave Shanghai for Beijing
leave somewhere to do sth 離開(kāi)某地干某事
be indispensable to 名詞 對(duì)…是必需的
be indispensable for doing/名詞 對(duì)…是必需的
(for 后的賓語(yǔ)具有主動(dòng)性，可以去實(shí)施某事; to 后的賓語(yǔ)一般是承受性。 )
對(duì)....負(fù)責(zé) be responsible for
與...有關(guān) sth be associated with / sb associate with
固定句式/搭配：
It is adj. to do sth .....;
do one’s best to do sth ;
Take/make efforts to do do sth ;
Notify sb of sth 通知某人某事;
Not, as sb...,....;
Not so much A as B 與其說(shuō) A 不如說(shuō)是 B;
not so much as do 甚至不
Succeed in doing 成功干某事;
Have problem/trouble (in) doing sth 干某事有困難;
Spend time doing sth 花費(fèi)時(shí)間做某事;
contrast A with B,
In contrast with A, B。
Commitment to 恪守(承諾)
Interest in 對(duì)…感興趣;
Awkward expression：
1.because of +doing;
2.形容詞性物主代詞+doing：
必錯(cuò)句式：
being+adj./n.;being that(太過(guò)口語(yǔ)化);
because is the reason why ; .....is why
IP 題型：
IP 題主要考察的有兩個(gè)方面：句法和文法。句法主要是從句子的層面出發(fā)，考察句子的使用，主要題型包括修改句子和合并句子;文法主要是從文章整體的謀篇布局出發(fā)，考察句子對(duì)于整片文章的作用，主要題型有：增添句子，刪除句子以及寫(xiě)作手法。
閱讀部分：
一、 SAT 閱讀必考題型及解析：
1. 主旨題
單長(zhǎng)第一題一般為主旨題。如果斜體字部分較長(zhǎng)，一般可以直接由斜體字部分得出答案;如果斜體字信息較少，可以將此題放到最后再做。
e.g. Which characterization best describes the passage?
(A)An impressionistic account of a significant public event
(B) An idiosyncratic analysis of a puzzling moment in history
(C) A broad overview of an important change in American society
(D)A personal commentary on a controversial government decision
(E) A nostalgic recollection of a memorable personal achievement
原文：
After segregationist practices barred Black American singer Marian Anderson from a scheduled Washington, D.C., performance in 1939, the federal government sponsored her in a public concert on Easter Sunday. In this adaptation from a 2003 novel, Delia, a Black American voice student, arrives for that convert.
解題思路： 一個(gè)黑人小女孩(Delia, a Black American voice student) 的視角來(lái)看待一場(chǎng)政府贊助的公眾音樂(lè)會(huì)(federal government sponsored her in a public concert)。正確選項(xiàng) A。
2. 詞匯題
詞匯題一般考察的是單詞不太常見(jiàn)的意思，或者文中引申出的意思，所以一定要根據(jù)上下文的意思推斷。
e.g. In line 13, "hanging" most nearly means
(A) flowing
(B) drooping
(C) inclining
(D) unfinished
(E) suspended
原文：
I watched the hand rather than the location, for it seemed to have power over the terrain, and when it stopped for Lewis' voice to explain something, it was as though all streams everywhere quit running, hanging silently where they were to let the point be made.
解題思路： “hanging”在此句中與“quit running”意思相同。
正確選項(xiàng)： E。
3. 寫(xiě)作手法
�？嫉膶�(xiě)作手法有： comparison 比較， analogy 類(lèi)比， metaphor 比喻(暗喻)， simile 比喻(明喻)，anecdote 軼事( personal experience)， irony/sarcasm 諷刺， quotation 引用， understatement 保守的陳述，overstatement/exaggeration 夸張等。
e.g. Both passages make use of which of the following?
(A) Political allusion
(B) Direct quotation
(C) Rhetorical questioning
(D) Personal anecdote
(E) Extended metaphor
原文：
Passage 1
As late as 1996 a prominent archaeologist, Frederick Hadleigh West, could state that
"Clovis is taken to be the basal, the founding, population for the Americas.“
Passage 2
"Most archaeologists have a continental mind-set," says anthropologist Robson
Bonnichsen, "but the peopling of the Americas is likely to be tied very much to the development and spread of maritime adaptation."
解題思路： 寫(xiě)作手法。很容易就可以找到，兩篇文章中都有直接引用。
正確選項(xiàng)： B。
4. 類(lèi)比題
類(lèi)比題是每年必考題型，需要找出原文中的特點(diǎn)，然后對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)中哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以和原文的特點(diǎn)完全對(duì)應(yīng)，就是要找的選項(xiàng)。
e.g. Which of the following most resembles the relationship between "black hole activity" and "star formation” (lines 11-12) as described in the passage?
(A) A volcanic eruption on one continent results in higher rainfall totals on another continent.
(B) Industrial emissions in one region lead to an increase in airborne pollutants in adjacent regions.
(C) A drought in a wilderness area causes a significant loss of vegetation in that area.
(D) Decreased oil production in one country results in higher gas prices in oil-dependent countries.
(E) Over-fishing in a gulf leads to an increase in the population of smaller aquatic organisms.
原文：
So it has come as a surprise over the past decade that black hole activity is closely
intertwined with star formation occurring farther out in the galaxy.
解題思路：
題中出現(xiàn) “most resembles” ，說(shuō)明這是道類(lèi)比題; 類(lèi)比題的解題思路關(guān)鍵在于：
找到原文中的兩者關(guān)系：回到原文定位細(xì)節(jié)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)， black hole activity 和 star formation 的關(guān)系是 “closely intertwined” 緊密相關(guān)，并且“occurring farther out” 地理位置很遠(yuǎn)。
正確選項(xiàng)： A。
5. 作用題/列舉/舉例的作用
排比/舉例/括號(hào)/破折號(hào)的作用是一種�？碱}型，一般都是對(duì)前面觀(guān)點(diǎn)的一個(gè) support 或者具體解釋說(shuō)明的作用。
e.g. In lines 18-22, the three sentences beginning with "They" primarily serve to
(A) lament students' lack of interest in traditional learning
(B) condemn those who profit, by pandering to children
(C) enumerate the failings of the educational system
(D) indicate ways in which children are shortchanged
(E) specify how comic books might be improved
原文：
Children spend an enormous amount of time on comic books, but their gain is nil.
They do not learn how to read a serious book or magazine.
They do not gain a true picture of the West from the "Westerns." They do not learn
about any normal aspects of sex, love, or life.
解題思路：這里三個(gè)they開(kāi)頭的排比句就是在具體說(shuō)明前一句的觀(guān)點(diǎn) ：
Children spend an enormous amount of time on comic books, but their gain is nil。
孩子們花了很多時(shí)間在漫畫(huà)書(shū)上，但是卻沒(méi)什么收獲。即漫畫(huà)書(shū)對(duì)孩子們的消極影響。
正確選項(xiàng)： D。
6. 求同題
求同題一般是雙篇的第一道題，找準(zhǔn)兩篇文章的共同點(diǎn)就可以了。如果雙篇立場(chǎng)不同，一般雙方都同意的一點(diǎn)是這個(gè) debate 所基于的一個(gè)假設(shè)，或者也有可能出現(xiàn)文中的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。這道題也可以放在雙長(zhǎng)篇最后做。
e.g. The author of each passage argues that people use their nations' history as a way to
(A) bring about harmony among disparate groups
(B) settle disputes over important precedents
(C) make decisions about future actions
(D) influence citizens of other nations
(E) create myths fostering patriotism
原文：
Passage 1
Although when we use the word "history" we instinctively think of the past, this is an error, for history is actually a bridge connecting the past with the present and pointing the road to the future.
Passage 2
Past heroism breeds future heroism, past cowardice the cowardice of the future. History tends to repeat itself by a process of almost deliberate imitation.
解題思路： 找出雙篇共同點(diǎn)。根據(jù)以上內(nèi)容，歷史對(duì)未來(lái)有指引作用。
正確選項(xiàng)： C。
7. 交叉題
這是雙長(zhǎng)的必考題型。 A 怎么看 B，這種題目我們需要明確 A 的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，找與 A立場(chǎng)相同的選項(xiàng)。
二、 必考詞匯：
開(kāi)心： delighted, pleased, excited, exhilarated, cheerful, ebullient, enthusiastic,
贊成： appreciate, admire, celebrate, espouse, champion, commend, endorse
同情： sympathetic, compassion, pitiful
詼諧： humorous, witty, amusing, jocular, wry
客觀(guān)： detached, objective, impartial, analytical,
傷感： wistful, sentimental, nostalgic,
沉思： reflective, melancholy,
其他： enlightening, cautious, reflective, nostalgic,
嘲 諷 ： deride, derisive, jeer, mock, scorn, sarcasm, irony, satire, scoff, ridiculous,
ludicrous, comical, facetious,
傷心： sorrow, wrench, bitterness, grief, distress
驚訝： amaze, astonish, astound, surprise,
擔(dān) 憂(yōu) ： anxiety, insecurity, apprehensive, somber, gloomy, depressing, dreary, glum,
sullen, distress, uneasy, upset, annoying,
懷疑： distrust, doubt/dubious/doubtful, skeptical, incredulous, suspicious, disbelief,
批 評(píng) ： criticize, condemn, reject, disapprove, reprove, admonish, deny, denounce,
repudiate,
反 對(duì) ： disparage, disdain, disrespect, contempt, devalue, defy/defiance, depreciate,
despise, refute
尷尬： embarrass, abash, humiliate, mortify, awkward, discomfiture
沮喪： frustrated, disappointed, dismay,
恩賜： condescending, patronizing，
困惑： puzzle, baffle, confuse, perplex, dumbfounded
矛盾： bittersweet, ambivalent, paradoxical, incompatible
困惑： puzzle, baffle, confuse, perplex, bewilder, dumbfounded
嫉妒： cynicism, begrudge, envious
傲慢： arrogant, insolent, haughty, impertinent,
古怪： whimsical, capricious
貪婪： greedy, avaricious, grasping,
冷漠： indifferent, lukewarm, unsympathetic, nonchalant, apathetic, callousness (麻木不仁)
憤 怒： rage, outrage, wrath, exasperation, irritation, indignation, resentment, vexation,irate其他： indulgent(放縱的) , paranoia(妄想的、多疑的) , hostile(有敵意的) , resigned(逆來(lái)順受的) , mischievous(調(diào)皮的;惡作劇的;惡意的) , moralistic(是非觀(guān)念堅(jiān)定的;道學(xué)的;說(shuō)教的)
SAT CRITICAL READING:
填空部分：
一，因果關(guān)系的邏輯是必考題。
我們看邏輯當(dāng)然是從關(guān)系詞來(lái)判定。常出現(xiàn)的因果關(guān)系的關(guān)系詞有： so——that 和 such ---that。
單空題：這種情況，空格處在 so/such 后面，對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵詞一定在 that 后面。相反，也一樣。
1. Oren missed the play's overarching significance, focusing instead on details so minor
that they would best be described as ______.
A. pragmatic
B. indelible
C. moribund
D. picayune=minor
E. Impervious
E. a felicitous
雙空題：空格處分別位于 so/such 和 that 后面，這種情況兩個(gè)空格意思是差不多的，直接去選項(xiàng)里面找同
義詞組的那個(gè)選項(xiàng)。
The new antifungal has such ______ uses from treating Dutch elm disease to rescuing
water-damaged works of art from molds, that it is considered one of the more ______
antibiotics.
A. disturbing…explicit
B. innovative…precipitous
C. mysterious…recognized
D. varied…versatile -----------(varied=versatile)
E. similar…discriminating
二， 除以上的因果邏輯關(guān)系外，最常出現(xiàn)的題型是 Because_____,、、、、、、、�；蚴荁ecause、、、、、， ______.
這種題型最常讓我們填進(jìn)去的詞性是形容詞，這種題型我們就從另外一句中找到關(guān)鍵詞，形容詞做關(guān)鍵詞是最好用的，直接對(duì)應(yīng)就好。
1. Because rap and hip-hop offer such ______ commentary on contemporary issues,
they are often said to be sharp-edged musical genres.
A. nebulous
B. trenchant= sharp-edged
C. circumspect
D. prosaic
E. Benign
E. Inchoate
三， 冒號(hào)的邏輯關(guān)系也是很常見(jiàn)的高頻題型。 我們也按照單空和雙空來(lái)看。
單空的題型一般都是______:、、、、、、、、、這個(gè)時(shí)候我們直接看后面的信息即可，這個(gè)很好理解，后面的內(nèi)容是直接解釋說(shuō)明空格處的。
1. Jared has the habits of ______: he lives simply and donated most of his income to
local charities.
A. a skeptic
B. a pundit
C. a dilettante
D. an insurgent
E. an ascetic= he lives simply and donated most of his income to local charities
雙空的題型一般都是______:_______ 這種題型的做法，我們先去解決第二個(gè)空格，再來(lái)做第一個(gè)空格。
1. Suffrage leader Carrie Chapman Catt was known for ______: she avoided controversy,
welcomed compromise, and _____ her foes.
A. appeasement .. vanquished
B. duplicity .. confounded
C. conciliation .. placated
D. erudition .. mollified
E. magnanimity .. Subjugated
第 1 步 avoided controversy、 welcomed compromise= __ placated ___ her foes
第 2 步 avoided controversy、 welcomed compromise、 placated her foes = conciliation
四， 這一種邏輯是現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞或是同位語(yǔ)的解釋關(guān)系。
最常見(jiàn)的題型一般都是______，、、、、、、、、、這個(gè)時(shí)候我們直接看后面的信息即可。
1. Benjamin Franklin was renowned for being a -----, having delved deeply into fields as
diverse as politics, business, diplomacy, statecraft, science, and publishing.
(A) sycophant
(B) pedant
(C) pundit
(D) nemesis
(E) polymath= having delved deeply into fields as diverse as politics、、、 (現(xiàn)在分詞)
五， 對(duì)比的邏輯也是很重要的題型。
常見(jiàn)的的邏輯詞有 rather than ,instead of ,not so much as。關(guān)系詞前后意思相反。
1.In her movie Chololat, filmmaker Claire Denis shuns _____ and attempts instead to
depict events as realistically as possible.
A. probability
B. clarity
C. repetition
D. elation
E. Artificiality