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英語演講稿要求及范文
一、結構清楚,邏輯明晰
由于公共演講一般受眾為數(shù)十人甚至數(shù)百、數(shù)千人,再加上演講環(huán)境的不確定性(比如:觀眾的歡呼,或者抱怨),最好在進入主題后馬上給出所講內容的邏輯框架,以便聽眾更好的預判整個演講內容,有利于他們更好地跟隨演講者的思路,達到良好的演講效果。比如,喬布斯在該次演講中,開篇稍微寒暄開篇之后,就進入正題,“Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.”學生們馬上能做出邏輯預判,我們今天會聽到喬布斯談三點,然后具體關注是哪三點,這種演講就具備了“audience-centeredness”(以觀眾為中心)的特質。喬布斯在隨后的演講中明確提到,“The first story is about connecting the dots. My second story is about love and loss. My third story is about death.”由于這種明晰的思路,聽眾在聽完之后也會記憶猶新,不會覺得頭腦混亂,毫無所得。
當然,演講稿的邏輯安排有多種方式,喬布斯的這篇演講是按照topical order(話題順序)和chronological order(時間順序)來安排的。除此之外, 還有 spatial order(空間順序), problem-solutution order(提問解決順序)等等。大家可以根據(jù)不同的演講內容來安排自己演講稿的邏輯順序和結構。
二、開篇出彩,結尾有道
演講稿的開篇和結尾往往需要花費大量的功夫去設計,這往往是精彩演講的亮點所在。因此,在寫作時,需要結合受眾、場合和演講內容等,爭取一開始就緊緊抓住聽眾的注意力和興趣所在,結尾時,盡量做到意味深長、啟發(fā)思考。下面,我將給大家具體分析基本的開篇和結尾模式,供大家以后寫作參考。
開篇的目的是要吸引聽眾,喬布斯在該篇演講稿中使用的是“relate the topic to the audience"(關聯(lián)話題與聽眾)的方式,這是一種比較有效的方法,人們一般對自己的事情都很關注,和自己相關的事情也會格外留意,喬布斯在開篇說到,“I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, I never graduated from college. This is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation.”高度贊美斯坦福大學是最好的大學之一,就是在與聽眾發(fā)生關聯(lián),讓大家產生好感,當然老喬還用了適當?shù)挠哪玫厝谇⒘伺c聽眾的關系,“簡潔、有效”本就是喬布斯的演講風格。除此之外,還有其他的一些開篇方式,我們也需要了解和掌握。 1. State the importance of your topic(指出演講話題的重要性)。直接告訴聽眾,你的演講重要在哪里。比如:今天要做的是一場“英語演講的藝術”的演講,那開始就直接指出,該演講對于大家今后的學習工作將會有重大的幫助,甚至給出一些數(shù)據(jù)和實例,讓聽眾明白不聽這個演講將會是我的損失。這樣,聽眾就會很樂意投入到該次演講中去。2. Startle the audience (使聽眾震驚)。例如:要做一場關于“生活方式與疾病”的演講,開篇就可以給出一組極具沖擊力的數(shù)據(jù),讓聽眾看到生活方式的不健康將會是多么可怕的事情,這樣的震驚使聽眾能夠快速調整狀態(tài),投入到聽演講中去。3. Arouse the curiosity of the audience(引起聽眾的好奇心)4. Question the audience(向觀眾提問)。5. Begin with a quotation(以引用開篇)。6. Tell a story (以故事開篇)。這些基本開篇的方式被無數(shù)的演講證明是實用而且有效的。
結尾往往可以起到“畫龍點睛”的作用,開篇正文再好,如果結尾過于平淡,整個演講的精彩程度都會大打折扣。那么如何做到“結尾有道”呢?首先,我們來看看喬布斯的這篇演講稿,他的結尾比開篇更加出彩,采用的是“end with a quotation”,達到的效果是特別引人深思。他在結尾說道,“Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.”他不僅在結尾引用這句“Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish”(求知若渴,虛懷若谷),而且重復三遍,強化聽眾的印象,這句話也被廣泛傳播,被譽為該篇演講的“精髓”。
在結尾時,可以用結束信號詞讓聽眾明白你要準備結尾了,不要讓演講結束得太突兀,比如,“In conclusion", "Let me end my speech by saying...", "I'd like to close my speech this way."等。具體的結尾方式很多,常見的有:1. Summarize your speech(總結演講)。2. Make a dramatic statement(強有力的陳述),這個不同于引用他人之言,往往是演講者自己的沉淀和吶喊,非常經典的演講是Patrick Henry's legendary "Liberty or Death" oration. 他在結尾時說道,"Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for mw, give me liberty, or give me death." 3. refer to the introduction(首尾呼應)。這是體現(xiàn)演講內在統(tǒng)一的很經典的形式,值得借鑒。
三、觀點闡釋,有效支撐
毫無疑問,主體段的信息量最大,寫作量也是最大,如何更清晰地闡釋演講者的觀點,有效支撐分論點,是寫作時應該把握的關鍵。在明晰了寫作邏輯之后,就要圍繞這些邏輯要點來展開論證。喬布斯在斯坦福大學的畢業(yè)演講中,邏輯要點有三:1. The first story is about connecting the dots. 2. My second story is about love and loss. 3. My third story is about death. 他在闡釋中主要運用了以下手段。首先,舉例子。文中用了大量的例子來說明他怎么對待學習、工作和死亡,比如他說起自己決定輟學然后旁聽有意思的課程,這些課當時對他沒什么實質的幫助,但是十年后在當他設計第一款Macintosh 電腦的時候,這些東西全派上了用場,這個例子充分說明了他要講的第一個要點-- 串起生命中的點滴。在隨后的文中,喬布斯大量地講述了他事業(yè)生活中的例子,讓聽眾感受到真實的力量和鼓舞。其次,引用。他除了在文章最后用到了引用,文中也不乏引用的痕跡,比如在講到死亡時,他引用了一句格言,“If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right.”這句話能表明他對于死亡的態(tài)度。恰到好處的引用往往能使聽眾印象深刻。第三, 數(shù)據(jù)。在講第二個故事--關于愛和失去時,喬布斯用到了一系列數(shù)據(jù)來支撐觀點。他說自己是幸運的,因為,“Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30.”數(shù)據(jù)很直觀,能讓聽眾有直接的認識和理解。
除了以上提到的主體段展開方式,還有一些常用的手段,比如:testimony(引證),可以用專家的觀點增強演講的信度,也可以用普通人的一手經驗證明自己的觀點。另外,大家還需要了解的是,舉例分為簡短的例子,具體深入的例子和假想的例子;數(shù)據(jù)包括單一數(shù)據(jù),組合數(shù)據(jù)等等。
范文
Man’s life is a process of growing up, actually I’m standing here is a growth. If a person’s life must constituted by various choices, then I grow up along with these choices. Once I hope I can study in a college in future, however that’s passed, as you know I come here, now I wonder what the future holds for (= what will happen to) me. ??
When I come to this school, I told to myself: this my near future, all starts here. Following I will learn to become a man, a integrated man, who has a fine body, can take on important task, has independent thought, an open mind, intensive thought, has the ability to judge right and wrong, has a perfect job. ??
Once my teacher said :” you are not sewing, you are stylist; never forget which you should lay out to people is your thought, not craft.” I will put my personality with my interest and ability into my study, during these process I will combine learning with doing. If I can achieve this “future”, I think that I really grow up. And I deeply believe kindred, good-fellowship and love will perfection and happy in the future. ??
How to say future? Maybe it’s a nice wish. Lets make up our minds, stick to it and surely well enjoy our life.
中文翻譯:人的一生是一個成長的過程,事實上,我現(xiàn)在站在這里也是一次成長。如果一個人的一生必須面臨不同的選擇,那我長大伴隨著這些選擇。有一次,我希望我能在將來在大學,然而那是過去了,因為你知道我來這里,現(xiàn)在我不知道將來如何為(=會發(fā)生什么)我。 ??
當我來到這所學校,我告訴我自己:我不久的將來都從這里開始。以下我將學習如何成為一個男人,一個正直的人,誰擁有一個健康的體魄,能承擔重要的任務,能獨立思考,思想開放,心思縝密,有判斷是非,有一個完美的工作能力。 ??
我的老師曾經說:“你是不是縫紉,你是設計師;永遠不要忘記你所能展示給人們是你的思想,不是你的手藝。“我會將我的性格,興趣和能力,成為我的研究,在這過程中,我將結合學習與做。如果我能實現(xiàn)這個“未來”,我覺得我真的長大了。我深信我的親人,好友情,愛情將會完善和快樂的未來。 ??
怎么說未來呢?也許這是一個美好的愿望。讓我們下定決心,堅持到底,那真正的享受我們的生活。
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